Informed Consumer's Guide to Accessible Housing


INTRODUCTION

For most people, a home is more than a building: it is a state of mind, an
expression of personality, the one place where it is possible simply to be.
The types of homes in which people live reflect their tastes and priorities.
Deciding to change that home, whether through remodelling or relocation,
is a major decision. Finding the right house or apartment requires attention
to a myriad of details: price range, location, aesthetics, overall floor
space, the number of bedrooms, and more. People with disabilities face the
same considerations, but as important as they are, they are overshadowed
by the need for housing to be accessible: housing that enables people with
disabilities to live their lives as independently as possible.

If a house is inadequate for the needs of the people living in it, it never
quite becomes a home. For people with disabilities, a dwelling must be fully
accessible to become a home. The purpose of the Informed Consumer Guide to
Accessible Housing is to examine what accessible housing is, to discuss the
types of products available to achieve accessibility, and to offer resources
to assist in this endeavor.

WHAT IS ACCESSIBLE HOUSING?

Whether or not a home is accessible depends upon the nature and extent of
one's disability. As a practical matter, an accessible home is one which
enables an individual to do what he or she needs and desires to do as
independently as possible. For some, access may be as simple as adding grab
bars and a tub seat in the bathroom. For wheelchair users, access may require
ramping entrances, widening doorways, lowering counters, adding lever or
loop-style hardware to doors and drawers, and modifying storage areas.

Individuals with sensory disabilities also require accessible housing,
although
their needs are different from those of people with mobility disabilities.
Individuals with hearing disabilities require visual adaptations for such
items as the telephone ringer, the doorbell, and smoke alarms. People who
are blind may require tactile marking of changes in floor level and stair
edges and braille markings on appliances and controls. People with low vision
may be accommodated with large print markings and displays, contrasting colors
to distinguish changes in level or transition from one area to another, proper
lighting, and reduced glare from lighting and windows.

Because the requirements of accessibility vary so widely, several terms have
become widely used. Accessible design generally refers to houses or other
dwellings that meet specific requirements for accessibility. These
requirements
are found in state, local and model building codes, and regulations such
as the Fair Housing Amendments of 1988, the American National Standards
Institu
te
(ANSI) Standards A117.1-1986, and the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards
(UFAS). These laws dictate standards dimensions and characteristics for such
features as door widths, clear space for wheelchair mobility, audible and
visual signals, grab bars, switch and outlet height, and more. The
accessibilit
y
standards of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) regulate the
accessibili
ty
of public buildings and facilities.

Adaptable design allows some features of a dwelling to be changed to meet
the needs of a person with a disability. Essential design elements such as
wider doorways and halls and barrier-free entrances are included as integral
features, while provisions are made to allow other features to be added as
needed. To qualify as "adaptable," it must be possible for changes to be
made quickly without the use of skilled labor and without changing the
inherent
structure or materials. Adaptable design allows the house or apartment to
meet the specific needs of the user, while maintaining the appearance of
the dwelling until more obvious accessibility features are needed. For
instance
,
bathroom walls may be designed with additional supports to allow for the
installation of grab bars in the future. Cabinets under sinks can be designed
to be removable, allowing the storage space to be provided until such time
as the knee space is required by someone using a wheelchair. Similarly, closet
rods and counter tops can be installed on adjustable glides, allowing them
to be positioned for the needs of the user. Criteria for adaptable housing
are included in the ANSI standards and UFAS.

Universal design addresses the need for access by creating designs usable
by all people, whether or not they are disabled. This is accomplished by
designing wider halls and doors, barrier-free entrances, elevated electrical
outlets, lowered switches, adjustable closet rods and shelves, adjustable
counters, touch switches, and other features as inherent elements in the
building. This type of design makes the home usable by all family members,
and recognizes that human abilities change over the life span.

ACCESS AND RENTAL: THE FAIR HOUSING ACT AMENDMENTS

It is not necessary to own a house in order to obtain accessible housing.
The Fair Housing Amendments Act (FHAA), which became effective on March 12,
1989, extended the protections of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 to cover
housing
for people with disabilities. Under the FHAA, it is illegal to refuse to
negotiate for the sale or rental of a dwelling, to refuse to process an offer,
or to refuse a legitimate offer on the basis of an applicant's disability.
It is also illegal to use differing applications or criteria for persons
with and without disabilities or to segregate persons with disabilities to
specific units or areas. Further, the Amendments render it unlawful to inquire
as to whether the buyer or renter has a disability and as to the severity
of the disability. These prohibitions apply to most housing options, including
multi-family buildings, condominiums, cooperatives, and mobile homes. However,
the FHAA does not apply to the sale or rental of single-family homes unless
the owner owns more than three such homes at the same time and the sale or
rental is conducted without the use of a real estate broker, agent, or
salesperson. The Amendments also do not apply to multi-family dwellings of
four or fewer units if the owner occupies one of those units as his or her
place of residence.

Further, the Fair Housing Amendments set out design and construction
guidelines
for multi-family residences begun or occupied for the first time after March
13, 1991. All units in a multi-family building of four or more units equipped
with at least one elevator and ground-floor units in buildings of four or
more units without elevators are required to be accessible. All such buildings
must have at least one entrance on an accessible route (unless prohibited
by terrain), have doors into and within all units wide enough to accommodate
wheelchairs, have an accessible route in and through all dwelling units,
have accessible switches and controls, provide reinforcement of bathroom
walls for installation of grab bars, and have all public and common areas
accessible.

Within all housing units, the FHAA requires that the landlord or rental agent
not refuse to make reasonable accommodations in rules, policies, practices,
and services required to enable a tenant with a disability to occupy and
use a housing unit. Further, the law requires that the renter be allowed
to make reasonable modifications to the dwelling at his or her expense to
accommodate a disability. The landlord has the right to require that such
modifications be accomplished in a professional manner, that the tenant
acquire
all necessary permits, and that the interior premises be restored to their
original state upon termination of occupancy if such restoration can be
readily
accomplished and if the accommodations may interfere with a future tenant's
use or enjoyment of the unit. For instance, the landlord may require that
grab bars be removed and walls repaired, but not that the supportive blocking
behind the walls be removed. Similarly, it would be considered unreasonable
to constrain the tenant to restore doorways to their original width once
they had been widened to accommodate a wheelchair. It is also considered
unnecessary to restore exterior modifications because necessary modifications
do not restrict future tenants' use of the dwelling.

ACHIEVING ACCESSIBILITY

While achieving accessibility may mean finding a new apartment or designing
and building a single-family home to the specifications that meet the needs
of a person with a specific disability, it is often possible to adapt or
modify current and existing housing using various assistive technologies.

HEARING DISABILITIES

Although often overlooked as a population in need of housing adaptations,
people who are deaf or hard of hearing require modifications in areas where
audible signals are utilized. The most familiar adaptive device for people
who are deaf are text telephones (also known as TT, TTY, or TDD); these
devices
enable people who are deaf or have communication disabilities to converse
on the telephone using a keyboard and visual display. For those with less
severe hearing disabilities, amplified handsets may suffice. However, access
is also required for other systems in the home: Smoke alarms, security system
alarms, doorbells, telephone ringers, and even knocks on doors should be
converted to visual signals in order for people with hearing disabilities
to fully and safely enjoy their homes.

Some signal systems are multi-purpose units, using microphones and
transmitters
to cause connected lights to flash or a bed or pillow vibrator to activate
in response to doorbells and chimes, telephone ringers, burglar alarms, and
door knockers. Some units are also designed to detect the sound of a crying
baby. Most of these types of systems are equipped with adjustable sensitivity
levels in order for ordinary sound and activity to be screened out. Still
other systems are designed for specific purposes: interfaces connected to
standard burglar alarms can cause lights to flash, and smoke alarms may
provide
both audible and visual warnings. Both permanent and portable systems are
available.

VISUAL DISABILITIES

Accessible housing for people with visual disabilities may, in large measure,
be achieved with relatively minor modifications. For example, clear travel
paths in hallways and through rooms frequently can be achieved simply by
rearranging furnishings. Furniture placement may also be used to facilitate
establishing a route of travel from one room to another.

Safe travel from one room to another, or from one level to another, is also
facilitated by the use of tactile warnings. Tactile warning strips may be
used to mark abrupt changes in floor level, the edges of steps, and the
transition from one area to another. For those with low vision, similar
results
may be achieved using contrasting colors or tape markers on surfaces to
indicat
e
changes. In addition, door thresholds should be flush with the floor or fitted
with small beveled ramps to eliminate tripping hazards.

Lighting and environmental controls also play a large role in making a home
accessible to people with low vision. Lighting should be bright and at
consiste
nt
levels throughout the home, but care should be taken to eliminate as much
glare and reflection as possible. Lighting systems that sense people in a
room, automatically turning lights on when someone enters a room and turning
lights off when the room is unoccupied, are an option in lighting control.
Computerized environmental control systems are also available, allowing
lights,
televisions, stereos, heating and cooling systems, security systems, etc.
to be controlled from a computer keyboard, remote control units, switches,
or via voice command.

"Low tech" solutions to environmental access are offered as well. Light
switche
s
can be marked using braille labeling tape or large print labels to indicate
"on" and "off" positions. Using switches with definite on and off positions
rather than rocker switches is also helpful. In addition, thermostats with
tactile or large print markings and braille and large print appliance control
overlays assist in making a home more accessible to those with visual
disabilities.

PHYSICAL AND MOBILITY DISABILITIES

Adaptations such as the door sill ramps, environmental control units, and
proper lighting mentioned above are also beneficial to individuals with
mobilit
y
and other physical disabilities, but further accessibility measures are often
required for walker and wheelchair users, as well as those whose disabilities
affect the use of their hands.

Doors and Entrances

For persons with mobility disabilities requiring the use of wheelchairs and/or
walkers, accessibility barriers frequently begin outside the home. The
presence
of even one or two steps can make entry impossible. Depending upon the
severity
of the incline, several options are available to overcome such barriers.
For curb-height obstacles and small steps, several manufacturers offer a
variety of wheelchair ramps, frequently made of aluminum or fiberglass,
designe
d
for temporary, semi-permanent, and permanent applications. For longer, steeper
inclines, it may be necessary to construct a wooden or concrete ramp. Ramps
should be at least 36 inches wide and have a maximum incline of 1:12 (12
inches of length for every 1 inch in rise). Exterior ramps in climates where
ice and snow are common should have a more gradual incline, preferably 1:20.
In those instances where the ramp has a rise of more than 30 inches, a landing
platform should be constructed half way up. Additional safety requirements
include handrails on both sides and a non-slip surface.

In cases where ramping proves impractical due to terrain or where entries
are too high to be accommodated, such as those above a walk-out basement
or on a deck level, platform lifts and enclosed residential elevators provide
an alternative. Models are offered to meet a variety of installation
requirements, and are available with such features as powered doors, internal
lighting, emergency systems, and custom controls and cabs. (These devices
are also options in providing indoor access in multi-level dwellings).

Once access is gained to the dwelling, the next barrier is frequently narrow
doorways. In order to accommodate most wheelchairs and walkers, doorways
should be a minimum of 32 inches wide to provide sufficient space for the
wheelchair or walker width and allow ample hand clearance. In homes where
moving walls to widen doorways is not an option, additional width may be
gained by removing doors or installing pocket doors which slide into the
wall when not in use. Another option is the use of offset hinges which allow
the door to swing clear of the opening and provide up to two inches of
addition
al
space in the doorway. Also, wherever possible, small rooms should be fitted
with doors and hinges that open outward to prevent the door from being blocked
from the inside in case of emergency.

Door knobs and locks are another major consideration in accessibility.
Standard
round door knobs and other types of handles which require grasping, twisting,
or pressure are often unmanageable for those who are unable to use their
hands or who have diminished strength and grasping ability. Ideally, standard
mortised lock and knob sets should be replaced with lever-style handles.
In those instances where knob and lock replacement is not possible, several
manufacturers offer lever handles that fit over the existing knob. Some of
these devices are portable, allowing them to be moved from room to room or
used when traveling.

Security is another consideration in knob and lock selection. Push-button
locks which disengage when the door is opened from the inside are among the
most accessible for people with disabilities, but may not provide adequate
security. Some options include slide bolts, remote control locks, electronic
keypad security systems, and in some instances, push-button padlocks.
Hallways, Baths, and Kitchens

Adequate space is of paramount concern in hallways, kitchens, and bathrooms.
Hallways should be a minimum of 36 inches wide, and in hallways where turning
around is required, a five-foot radius of clear space should be provided.
That same radius of maneuvering room should also be available in kitchens
and bathrooms to allow an individual to turn around and have full access
to appliances and fixtures.

In order to be accessible to a wheelchair user, bathroom fixtures must be
at the appropriate heights. Toilet seats should be at least 15 inches above
the floor and equipped with grab bars (floor- or wall-mounted or attached
to the toilet itself). The necessary height can be achieved through the
installation of a specially designed tall toilet, a wall-mounted unit, or
with an elevated seat. It is also important to remember that the tissue holder
needs to be mounted within convenient reach. Further, the sink should be
mounted at a height that allows the wheelchair to roll underneath it, usually
a 30-inch clearance. Frequently, this necessitates removal of below-sink
cabinets, and care should be taken to cover exposed pipes and sharp edges
and surfaces. Faucets should be within easy reach and easily operable with
one hand. For individuals without the use of their hands or who have limited
strength, faucets equipped with electronic sensors to automatically turn
water on and off are available. Another access option is the installation
of a faucet which can be activated using a single switch.

Access to bathing facilities is critical. In order to prevent injury and
to facilitate transfers, enclosures should be free of door tracks or other
obstructions and sharp edges. Further, tubs and showers should be equipped
with grab bars and built-in seats or portable tub benches. Seats should be
located opposite the controls and within easy reach. Offset controls which
allow regulation of the water temperature from outside the tub or shower,
anti-scald valves to prevent water temperature from exceeding a pre-set limit,
and hand-held shower attachments are also beneficial.

Some of the same adaptations made to the bathroom are beneficial in the
kitchen
as well: removal of under-sink cabinets to allow wheelchair access, faucet
control modification and anti-scald valves, and adequate floor space to
facilitate turning and access to all fixtures and appliances. Cooktops with
a 30-inch clearance and a separate self-cleaning oven at an appropriate height
are also helpful. Both appliances should feature front- or side-mounted
control
s
and be adjacent to counter space to facilitate moving and preparing food.

Another consideration in the kitchen is storage: at least one shelf in each
cabinet should be a maximum of 48 inches above the floor. Where such a feature
does not exist, or where more space is required, powered cabinets which lower
the shelving unit to the countertop are available.

Storage and Laundry

When considering which areas of a home to make accessible, it is essential
that the person with the disability evaluate the rooms and spaces in terms
of usability: If the person with the disability needs or desires to use the
space, it must be accessible. This includes living, family, and recreational
areas, as well as closets and laundry facilities.

Frequently closets can be made accessible simply by lowering the hanging
rods. When the existing rod is an integral part of the closet, a second one
may be installed below it. Another option is the use of modular storage
systems
which include hanging rods, shelves, and drawers that can be configured to
the specific requirements of the user. Powered units which raise and lower
and/or rotate shelves and racks also are available.

Laundry facilities also need to be accessible if full independence is to
be achieved. As with other areas, this involves providing sufficiently wide
doorways, space for maneuvering, and suitable appliances. Most often,
front-loading washers and dryers with easily operated, front-mounted controls
provide the necessary access.

FUNDING SOURCES

Whether one is building an accessible home or modifying an existing residence,
the cost can be prohibitive. A home equity or other bank loan may be one
financing alternative. Depending upon one's circumstances and the nature
of the disability, assistance may also be obtained through medical insurance,
medical and social services, income support, or vocational services from
any of a number of different resources. Consumer-oriented disability
organizations and rehabilitation facilities may also provide information
resources on funding assistance available in the local community. Additional
information on funding accessible housing is available in a number of the
publications listed in the Resources and Recommended Additional Reading
section
at the conclusion of this Guide, as well as in ABLEDATA Fact Sheet No. 14
Funding Assistive Technology.

Conclusion

This ABLEDATA Informed Consumer Guide is a broad introduction to the legal
and practical aspects of accessible housing. It is designed to enable the
reader to consider what can be done and what needs to be done to make a home
accessible. More detailed discussions of particular issues can be found in
the following resource list. However, specific questions need to be addressed
by legal, medical, and rehabilitation professionals. These are the people
who can address issues unique to particular municipalities, and help determine
the best course of action to meet the needs of specific disabilities.

Once the kinds of modifications needed are determined, information about
specific products to help achieve the goal of accessible housing is available
from the ABLEDATA database of assistive technology which provides information
about and descriptions of more than 20,000 products for people with physical,
sensory, or cognitive disabilities. Information Specialists are available
to help provide specific information about a particular device or type of
device or manufacturers and distributors of assistive technology.

ABLEDATA, 8455 Colesville Road, Suite 935, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3319.
ABLEDATA's phone numbers ARE 800/227-0216, or in Maryland 301/608-8998
or 301/608-8912 (TTY); Our fax number is 301/608-8958. Many ABLEDATA
documents, as well as the ABLEDATA database are available from our BBS, ABLE
INFORM, at 301/589-3563 or FTS 427-0280.

RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING

HOME MODIFICATION/DESIGN AND ACCESSIBLE HOUSING


Chen, V.T., Baruch, L.D., Scharf, P.T., Tanner, R.W., & Edlich, R.F.
(1990). "Burn Rehabilitation Forum: Adaptive Housing: Remodeling
Considerations
for the Disabled." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, Vol. 11 No.
4, July/August 1990, p. 352-360. Journal. NARIC Accession number: XJ17821.

A discussion of remodeling considerations that apply in adapting housing
for the disabled. The authors begin by pointing out that 10 to 15% of the
US population is chronically ill and that the number is sure to rise; thus
the need for adaptive housing. Evidence is provided that the benefits of
adaptive housing far exceed the costs. The main body of the paper concerns
the evaluation of housing and the design criteria that apply. Addressed are
the evaluation process itself and the accessibility of various rooms,
especiall
y
the bathroom, bedroom, and kitchen. Critical in all these rooms is a 5-foot
diameter clear area, needed for full rotation of wheelchairs. The heights
and distributions of various fixtures is discussed, and illustrated designs
are offered. Also addressed are the geometry of access rampls and of stair
lifts.


Cocke, E.A. (1992). Housing Modifications for Persons who are Blind or
Visually
Impaired." Re:view, Vol. 24 No. 1, Spring 1992, p. 23-28. Heldref
Publications.
6p. See Publisher. NARIC Accession number: XJ22781.

The article discusses issues that must be considered by consumers and builders
or remodelers when doing housing modifications for individuals with blindness
or visual impairments. The article describes consumers who are blind, noting
various complicating factors and explaining the difference between individuals
who are blind and those with low vision. It examines new construction and
remodeling, focusing on the types of modifications needed for people with
visual impairments. A final section presents various suggested modifications
for the (1) exterior, (2) entrance, (3) elevator, (4) doors, (5) floors,
(6) lighting and electrical systems, (7) windows, (8) room layout and shape,
(9) kitchen, and (10) stairs, ramps, and corridors.


Design for the Life Span of All People? Spotlight on Adaptable Housing. Rehab
Brief, Vol. 10, No. 12, p 1-4. Falls Church, VA: PSI International, Inc.,
4p. NARIC Accession number: XO08668.

Examines problems of accessibility in the home for people with physical
disabilities. Discusses reasons why accessible design has not been popular
among architects -- these include the confusion caused by conflicting design
requirements, and the misconceptions that exist concerning disability and
accessibility. Also examines the concepts of universal design, life span
design, and adaptable housing. Universal design refers to design features
which can be used by all people all of the time. These include products such
as bathtub grab bars, push-button faucet controls, and lever-type handles.
Life span design takes into consideration the fact that people's needs change
as they grow from children to adulthood to old age. Adaptable housing refers
to housing which is initially accessible to all people but which can be
modifie
d
later through minor changes to meet specialized needs. This article discusses
the steps needed to make universal design the standard in architecture. It
presents examples of universal design features, permanent accessibility
feature
s,
and accessibility options that can be implemented as needed.


"Less Restrictive Housing Environments. Examples, Methods, Designs, and
Guidelines for Improving New and Existing Housing." PART II OF II. Design
File. 1990. NARIC Accession number: XR05715.

Presents second part of two-part final report on three-year project about
least restrictive housing environments funded by National Institute on
Disabili
ty
and Rehabilitation Research. Project was collaborative effort between Barrier
Free Environments, Inc., and several subcontractors. Seven chapters focus
on: vehicular transporation and parking (accessible transportation, vehicle
types and use, parking spaces, passenger drop-off areas outside traffic lanes,
carports and garages, and extended roof shelters); entrances and site design
(types of houses and accessibility, construction types, house placement for
entrances, let the vehicle do the climbing, entrance approach, entrances,
and walks; doors and doorways (doorway width, clear floor space, thresholds,
door hardware, force to open door, types of doors, and modifying door widths
and door swing); windows (clear floor space, window height, force to operate
windows and locks, types of windows, improving use of windows, and windows
as exists); kitchens (e.g. maneuvering space, knee space, turnaround space,
heights and reach ranges, and three examples of accessible kitchen); bathrooms
(e.g. bathing, getting in and out of tubs, removable seats at tubs, controls
at tubs, roll-in showers, toilets, sinks, and grab bar installation); and
bedrooms (e.g. room size, maneuverig space and clearances, space
considerations
for assisted transfers, emergency exits, closets, and sample bedrooms).


Long, R.G. (1992). Housing Accessibility for Individuals with Visual
Impairment
or Blindness: Final Report, July 1992. Center for Accessible Housing, School
of Design, North Carolina State University. 27p. see publisher. NARIC
Accession
number: XO10964.

Final report from a project studying features of housing environments that
enhance or limit the everyday functioning of persons with blindness or low
vision. Two focus groups were conducted, one composed of working age and
older adults with visual impairments and the second composed of professionals
who serve infants and preschool age children with visual impairments.
Participants identified housing features in specific areas in and around
their homes and discussed the impact of these features on performance of
activities normally conducted in those areas. They also discussed features
they woud like to have and believe would benefit their functioning in a
particular room or area. This report presents the results of the focus group
discussions, recommendations concerning housing design for persons with visual
impairments, and list of additional readings.

Lynch, R.D. (1993). "Karl's House." Technology and Disability, Vol. 2 No.
4, Fall 1993, p. 30-39. Andover Medical. 10p. See Publisher. NARIC Accession
number: XJ26203.

Presents the story of the architectural home modification of one family who
had a 10-year-old son with spinal cord injury and paraplegia following an
automobile accident when he was 2 years old. After the accident, the parents
began to work with representatives of the insurance company, the county
orphans
court, and the bank trustee to make accessibility changes in their home.
The architectural basic services consisted of five phases, including schematic
design, design development, construction documentation, bidding and
negotiation
s,
and construction contract administration. The goal of the project was to
modify the existing residence so the child could fully share all of the family
life in the neighborhood. The goal was also to help him regain independence
and freedom in his daily activities. The article discusses the (1) accessible
outdoor space, (2) appearance of the home, (3) exterior safety, (4) garage,
(5) elevator, (6) bathrooms, (7) first floor, (8) kitchen, (9) vestibule,
(10) exercise space, and (11) laundry/pantry.


Mace, R (ed). (1993). Grab Bars. TECHPACK # 1.10. Center for Accessible
Housing
,
NC State University. See publisher. NARIC Accession number: XR06433.

Pamphlet provides information on grab bars. Grab bars are defined with federal
standards provided. Installation is described covering diameters, spacing,
and reinforcement requirements. The types of grab bars available are
illustrate
d.
A product resource list is provided.


Overton, J. (1993). "Resources for Home-modification/Repair Programs,"
Technolo
gy
and Disability, Vol. 2 No. 4, Fall 1993, p. 80-88. Andover Medical. 9p. See
Publisher. NARIC Accession number: XJ26208.

The article examines funding for home modification and repair problems for
the elderly individuals who have disabilities. The paper discusses (1) funding
sources; (2) the Older Americans Act of 1965; (3) Title III funds; (4) Title
V funds; (5) city and county funds; (6) state funds; (7) block grant programs
(community development block grants, community services block grants, and
social services block grants); (8) foundations; (9) charitable contributions;
(10) fund raising; (11) client fees and contributions; (12) the U.S.
Department
of Energy; (13) parent agency income; and (14) publications relating to home
modification (under the categories of general information, assessment,
financin
g,
program development, resource identification, and education). A resource
summary is provided.


Rigger, R. (1989) "A Barrier-free House: Accommodating a Wheelchair Calls
for Careful Planning Inside and Out." Fine Homebuilding, No. 53, April/May
1989, p. 67-71. The Taunton Press, Inc. Journal. NARIC Accession number:
XJ11625.

Describes the custom construction of a house designed to accommodate the
needs of a wheelchair user. Includes an copy of the floor plan and several
photographs illustrating selected features. The description covers both the
exterior and interior design, including: walkways and driveway, entrances,
the garage, basement, interior arrangement of walls, electronic controls
for lights and for selected appliances, closets, window placement, bathrooms,
kitchen, outlets and switches. The builder followed specifications outlined
in the Veteran's Administration's "Handbook For Design: Specially Adapted
Housing" (pamphlet #26-13, 1987), for two reasons: to allow the homeowner
to qualify for financial aid and because the handbook provides valuable
information about accommodating a wheelchair. An addendum to the article
(from a separate author, Sam Clark) provides suggestions for modifications
to entries, bathrooms, and kitchens.


Rigger, R. (1989). "Design Lines Spotlight. A Barrier-free House, Part 1."
Paraplegia News, Vol. 43 No. 8, August 1989, p. 39-42. Paralyzed Veterans
of America, 4p. Journal. NARIC Accession number: XJ13845.

Describes home modification for people with disabilities who find too many
barriers in conventional homes. Looks at one home in particular with a
barrier-free one-story build (three bedrooms and two bathrooms). A special
central space called a bridge offers electronic controls for lights and
appliances and affords view of kitchen, dining room, living room, entry way,
and back yard. Attached garage provides convenient parking and ramp access
to kitchen door. Basement has electric stair lift, utilities, and plenty
of storage. Looks at ways to make wheelchair easier to operate (e.g. with
concrete walkways at least five feet wide outside, ramps in front of house
and inside garage, and all doors being at least three feet wide). Discusses
adherence to Department of Veterans Affairs specifications because they are
so helpful in providing tips on accommodating wheelchairs. Details on garage
and basement provided.


Salmen, J.P.S. (1991). The Do-able Renewable Home: Making Your Home Fit Your
Needs. American Association of Retired Persons. 36p. Consumer Affairs Section,
American Association of Retired Persons, 601 E Street, NW, Washington, DC
20049. NARIC Accession number: XR06495.

Book providing practical information on adapting home environments to meet
the individual needs of older persons with physical limitations. The book
explains design concepts, products, and resources to help make an existing
home more liveable for older individuals with limitations in movement,
strength
,
dexterity, eyesight, or hearing. The accompanying illustrations show how
to make your own modifications and also serve as a guide for designers and
building contractors. The book includes information about physical and
function
al
losses in older persons; solutions for accessible corridors, appliances,
doorways, stairs, ramps, bathrooms, and kitchens; sources of funding for
home modification; advice on hiring and working with building contractors;
resources for additional information; and manufacturers of devices and
hardware
.


Specialized Housing Inc. and Living Design. (1991). The Accessible Home:
First Edition. 32p. Fulfillment Department, Living Design, 1514 Columbia,
Vancouver, WA 98660; (206)695-4684 or (503)286-5356; (206)695-4793 Fax.

Book providing sketches and plans for 13 multi-resident and 13 single-family
homes. Each entry includes brief descriptions of notable or unique features.
An order form for blueprints and specification books is included.


Steinfeld, E. & Shea, S. (1993). "Enabling Home Environments: Identifying
Barriers to Independence." Technology and Disability, Vol. 2 No. 4, Fall
1993, p. 69-79. Andover Medical. See Publisher. NARIC Accession number:
XJ26207
.

Describes a study that examined assessment methods and identified priorities
for home modification services for elderly individuals and people with
disabilities. Study participants came from a wide variety of organizations
that served older people with disabilities. All subjects lived in community
housing. An interview asked a series of questions related to difficulties
the subjects had using parts of the home. The self-report data were compared
to data collected via a thorough assessment completed by a trained observer.
For each subject, researchers prepared a report listing the barriers
identified
through assessment and making recommendations for eliminating barriers.
Assessment included activities of daily living, fire safety, security,
behavior
problems, and building condition. Researchers visited each household to
explain
the recommendation and help subjects establish priorities. Data from 51
subject
s
suggest that methods of measuring environmental barriers deserve more research
attention. Self-report data on the presence of barriers to independent living
did not provide an accurate picture of the actual living situation. Each
individual had a unique set of needs, though there were many frequently
occurri
ng
barriers.


Stevens, J H. (1990). A Barrier-free Home: Considerations and Recommendations
for Design. 12p. NARIC Accession number: XR05744.

A guidebook for the disabled prospective homeowner on good design
consideration
s
for a barrier-free home. Addressed are preferred home designs, preferred
lots and site locations, design elements in the construction of foundations
that influece whether to use concrete slabs or ramps, doorways, door hardware,
closets, bathrooms, water controls, kitchens, flooring, electrical, telephone
jacks, bedrooms, windows, smoke detectors and other safety equipment, and
garages. Appended is a list of 10 questions the disabled prospective homeowner
should consider before designing and constucting the home. These address
such issues as resale value, space requirements, lot layout, the use of ramps
or a concrete slab, kitchen design, utility access, the need for therapy
space, garage considerations, and bedroom design. Also appended is a suggested
reading list.



The Universal Home Series. Homes for Living, Homes for Life. Center for
Accessible Housing, NC State University. 12. See publisher. NARIC Accession
number: XR06435.

Pamphlet describes the Universal Home model which meets all accessibility
standards and codes. Descriptions and views of the total house floorplan
and kitchen and bathroom features are presented. Standard and optional
features
are listed.


Watzke, J.R. & Kemp, B. (1992). "Safety for Older Adults: the Role of
Technology and the Home Environment." Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation,
VOL 7 NO 4, JUNE 1992, p. 9-21. Aspen Publishers, Inc. See Publisher. NARIC
Accession number: XJ22789.

Article examines the role of technology and the home environment in safety
for older individuals, noting most antifall interventions are not high
technology: (1) safe mobility (proper lighting, object-free walking paths,
appropriate flooring, transfers, and stairs and steps); (2) environmental
control (including personal emergency response systems, antiwandering devices,
and home automation systems); and (3) future needs: there is too little
knowled
ge
on how older individuals who are frail or have disabilities do household
cleaning, use the shower and toilet, or retrieve objects from high shelves;
there are gaps in product development, application, and marketing process;
and there is a need for more intervention, training, and information
dissemination about safety and technology for older individuals.


LEGAL ISSUES

Boakley, T.J. & McDonald, R.D. (1989). Barrier-free Design: the Law.
Volume I. 1989. Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association, approximately 200p.
NARIC Accession number: XR05550.

Presents information on accessibility for people with physical disabilities.
Offers changes resulting from activity concerning accessibility laws and
regulations for people with physical disabilities on all levels of government.
Information is provided as follows: Public Law 90-480 (42 USC
SEC.4151-SEX.4157
)
The Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 as amended August 12, 1968; uniform
federal accessibility standards; local laws of the City of New York for the
year 1987 no. 58 effective September 1, 1987 (includes amendment local law
no. 65, effective November 4, 1988); and American national standard for
buildin
gs
and facilities: providing accessibility and usability for physically
handicappe
d
people.

Center for Accessible Housing Factsheets. Center for Accessible Housing,
School of Design, North Carolina State University. 23p. see publisher. NARIC
Accession number: XR06275.

Information packet contains eight fact sheets about housing for elderly peope
and people with disabilities. These fact sheets provide information about
the following topics: 1) provisions of the Fair Housing Amendments Act of
1988 relating to discrimination based on disability; 2) provisions of the
Act relating to reasonable modification of existing premises; 3) provisions
of the Act related to substantial equivalency (required for the certification
of state or local agencies to handle fair housing cases); 4) provisions of
the Act related to design requirements for new construction; 5) the Federal
National Mortgage Association home financing program for older people; 6)
definitions of the terms accessible, adaptable, and universal as they refer
to the design of housing for people with disabilities; 7) benefits of
accessory
unit housing for elderly persons and persons with disabilities; and 8)
financin
g
sources that can help renters and homeowners pay for accessibility
modification
s
to their homes.

The Fair Housing Amendments Act. Adapt to a Better Design. Eastern Paralyzed
Veterans Association. 20p. See Publisher. NARIC Accession number: XR06296.

Discusses the importance of adapting housing for individuals with
disabilities,
looking at the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (FHAA). There are five
chapters: (1) introduction to adaptable housing: the FHAA mandated
accessibilit
y
in multi-family dwellings and incorporated adaptability into each individual
unit; (2) advantages and benefits of adaptable design (to builders and
developers, to owners and renters, and to property managers); (3) FHAA
requirements (prohibiting discriminatory housing practices against individuals
with disabilities and their families; (4) summary of guidelines for new
construction; and (5) recommendations of the Eastern Paralyzed Veteran's
Association (focusing on covered multi-family buildings without elevators).

GENERAL RESOURCES

HUD User. P.O. Box 6091, Rockville, MD 20850. 800/245-2691 (V); 800/877-8339
(TT); 301/251-5154 (V). 301/251-5747 (fax).

Established in 1978, HUD USER is a research-information service sponsored
by the Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R), U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development. Among its many reference and referral
service
s,
HUD USER maintains a bibliographic database of research literature on housing
and urban development topics. Subject areas include accessible design,
building
technology, community development, economic development, fair housing, energy
and urban infrastructure, and housing for the elderly and people with special
needs. Personalized searches of the HUD USER database are available, and
printouts contain information on how to obtain copies of documents. While
most of the publications contained in the HUD USER database are geared to
professionals, many titles are designed for lay people. Copies of some
document
s
may be obtained from HUD USER. Fees are charged for document handling and
computerized literature searches. Prepayment is required.

National Housing Directory for People with Disabilities. Grey House
Publishing,
Pocket Knife Square, Lakeville, CT 06039. 800/562-2139.

With 25,000 listings, this directory is a detailed source on housing
informatio
n
for professionals to make informed housing recommendations. Two sections
in each state chapter concentrate on the government agencies that manage
housing in the state. In addition, a chapter on federal and national
organizations provides a brief profile of the area of responsibility. Three
additional sections in each state chapter describe the housing units
themselves--large, residential, intensive care facilities in the state; group
homes; and independent living facilities.

ORGANIZATIONS

Adaptive Environments Center. 374 Congress Street, Suite 301, Boston, MA
02110. 617/695-1225 (V/TT). 617/482-8099 (fax).

The Adaptive Environments Center, a nonprofit organization, offers
consultation
,
workshops, courses, conferences, and resource materials on accessible and
adaptive design and accessibility legislation, standards, and guidelines.
The center's library contains a comprehensive collection of materials on
accessible design. The center is funded through public and private contracts
and grants.

The center's publications, for which there is a charge, include A Consumer's
Guide to Home Adaptation (obtained through the center) and Design for Access:
A Guidebook for Designing Barrier Free State and County Buildings and Access
Improvements Workbook (obtained through the State House Bookstore), the Title
II Action Guide, and other ADA technical assistance materials (obtained
through
the Disability and Business Technical Assistance Centers [DBTACs]). The
library
is open to the public.

Barrier Free Environments (BFE). P.O. Box 30634, Water Garden, Highway 70
West, Raleigh, NC 27622. 919/782-7823 (V/TT).

Barrier Free Environments (BFE) is a design firm specializing exclusively
in the design of products and buildings to be used by aging people and people
with disabilities. Product designers, architects, interior designers, and
housing designers in the organization practice "universal design," in which
all features are designed for use by all people to the greatest extent
possible
.
BFE provides designing and consulting services to individuals, families,
corporations, small businesses, and institutions on the following: home and
building modifications for accessibility; design or redesign of consumer
products and equipment for use by people with disabilities and aging people;
and market research, advertising literature design, and media development.
In addition BFE provides programs and seminars on accessible design, home
modifications, products, equipment for accessibility, and training assistance
on issues relating to design for people with disabilities and aging people.

Center for Accessible Housing. North Carolina State University, Box 8613,
Raleigh, NC 27695-8613. 919/515-3082 (V/TT).

The Center for Accessible Housing was established in 1989 by the National
Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) to improve the
quality and availability of housing for people with disabilities. The center
provides assistance and information to individuals and industry through
researc
h,
collaborative efforts with manufacturers, training, and information services.
The center's research efforts focus on identifying and evaluating the success
of design solutions to problems of accessibility in products and environments.
A Design Advisory Network of more than 1,300 people with disabilities, family
members, or close friends provides advice and guidance to the center, and
members often participate in research activities. Information services include
an information and referral service, a technical design assistance service,
and publications. Training is provided directly to people with disabilities,
disability advocates, designers, professionals in the building industry,
housing providers, and design students at the post-secondary level. All
materia
ls
and solutions provided by the center are based on the principles of universal
design. Publications include a quarterly newsletter, Accessibility Standards
for Children's Environments (1992), Accessible Stock House Plans Catalog
(1993), Accessible Environments: Toward Universal Design (1991), Action on
Accessibility: Proceedings of the International Accessibility Mini-Summit
(1991), Design for Independent Living: Housing Accessibility Resource Book
(1991), The Fair Housing Accessibility Guidelines--Requirement 1: Analyzing
Site Impracticality on Difficult Sites (1992), Financing Home Accessibility
Modifications (1993), and Housing Accessibility for Individuals with Visual
Impairment or Blindness (1993). Fact sheets and "Tech Packs" are also
available
.
A complete publications list is available.

Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association (EPVA). 75-20 Astoria Boulevard,
Jackson
Heights, NY 11370. 718/803-3782 (V); 718/803-2472 (TT); 800/444-0120
(publications).

The Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association (EPVA) is a private, nonprofit
organization dedicated to serving the needs of its members, as well as other
people with disabilities, to lead full and productive lives. EPVA currently
has the following programs: benefits service, hospital liaison, sports and
recreation, wheelchair repair, architecture, research and education, program
counsel, legislation and advocacy, social services, communications, library
and information services, public affairs, and administration. EPVA also
provide
s
support for three professional associations: the American Paraplegia Society,
the American Association of Spinal Cord Injury Nurses, and the American
Association of Spinal Cord Injury Psychologists and Social Workers. These
organizations provide SCI health care professionals with an education forum
for the exchange of technological information and ideas.


Housing for Elderly and Handicapped People Division. 451 7th Street SW, Room
6116, Washington, DC 20410. 202/708-2866.

The Housing for Elderly and Handicapped People Division administers the
Section
811 Program -- Supportive Housing for Persons with Disabilities. This program
provides capital advances to private, nonprofit organizations for the
developme
nt
of housing with supportive services for people who have physical or
development
al
disabilities or who are chronically mentally ill. Project rental assistance
funds are also provided so that residents pay no more than 30 percent of
their adjusted incomes for rent. Types of housing that may be developed
include
small group homes serving a maximum of 8 people and independent living
faciliti
es
consisting of individual apartment units for no more than 20 people per
facilit
y.


National Handicap Housing Institute, Inc. (NHHI). 4556 Lake Drive,
Robbinsdale,
MN 55422. 612/535-9771.

The National Handicap Housing Institute, Inc. (NHHI) was incorporated in
1975 as a tax-exempt charitable organization providing services related to
the development of barrier-free housing for young adults with physical
disabilities. NHHI has developed, codeveloped and consulted on the development
of 1,065 units of barrier-free housing for low income young adults with
mobilit
y
impairments. In addition, NHHI has provided design-related services and/or
marketing consultation for the successful development of other units. The
institute has conducted research on barrier-free housing design and developed
architectural and product specification standards that are functional and
affordable. In this regard, model kitchens and bathrooms have been built
to test accessibility by people with disabilities, and virtually all brands
and models of appliances and building hardware typically used in multifamily
housing construction and specifications have been studied for their use by
people with disabilities. NHHI has also surveyed the housing needs and
preferences of people with disabilities as well as locational preferences
to determine what housing features are needed to overcome problems resulting
from specific disabilities. The institute provides information and referral
on the availability of barrier-free housing in the Minneapolis/St. Paul,
Minnesota area to a major degree and to out-state Minnesota to a lesser
degree.
Information on various housing assistance programs that people with
disabilitie
s
may be eligible for, as well as design and product information, is also
provide
d.
The institute has developed the design expertise necessary to assist
architects
,
builders, and owners with many of their problems in creating new buildings
and adapting and retrofitting older structures to be accessible. Institute
experts interpret the pertinent codes and make recommendations that meet
and, hopefully, exceed the codes functionally and aesthetically at minimal
cost. The institute has a working knowledge of the requirements of 503 and
504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and can assist government and industry
in meeting the affirmative action and accessibility requirements demanded
by this federal law. NHHI is capable of providing imaginative design solutions
that overcome the problem of architectural barriers for people with
disabilitie
s.

Following is an excerpt from the list of identifiers (terms used to describe
products) found in ABLEDATA for home accessibility products.

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

A. HOUSES
house plan
mobile home
prefab house
B. INDOOR
1. Bathrooms
a. Bathtubs
1. Bathtub Accessories
bathtub insert
bathtub
corner splash guard
slip resistant coating for
bathtub
whirlpool
2. Bathtubs General
bathtub
bathtub cabinet
cushioned bathtub
elevated bathtub
inflatable bathtub
portable bathtub
shower bathtub
whirlpool bathtub
b. Bidets
bidet
sitz bath
toilet bidet
c. Grab Bars
floor mounted grab bar for toilet
grab bar for bathtub
installation of grab bar
wall grab bar
wall grab bar for bathtub
wall grab bar for shower
wall grab bar for toilet
wall to floor grab bar
d. Handshowers
handshower on adjustable bar
handshower wall hanger
handshower with faucet fitting
handshower with flexible hose
handshower with soap dispenser
portable handshower
showerhead on adjustable arm
e. Plumbing Accessories
electronic faucet
extended lever for toilet handle
foam faucet protector for tub
hot water heater
knee action mixing valve
lever tap handle
push button faucet
shower control system
showerhead on adjustable bar
single lever faucet
soap lotion dispenser
tap turner
water flow control
water temperature control
f. Showers
corner shower seat
folding shower seat
portable shower
roll in shower
shower bathtub
shower cabinet
shower doors
shower ramp
shower with built in grab bar
shower with built in seat
showerhead on adjustable bar
g. Sinks
accessible sink
accessible vanity
adjustable height sink
portable sink
h. Toilets
electric elevating toilet
portable toilet
powered elevating toilet seat lift
tall toilet
toilet bidet
2. Doors
a. Door Handles
door handle lever
door knob
panic bar
b. Door Locks
chain lock
door lock light
exterior door lock with
lever handle
keyless door lock
remote control door lock
c. Door Operators
door closer
door opener
powered door operator
d. Doors General
accessible revolving door
accessible threshold
door curtain
door hinge
doorstop and holder
exterior door
peephole
protective panel
space saving door
3. Floors
anti skid tape
non slip floor covering
non slip rug mat
non slip stair tread covering
textured paint additive
4. Kitchens
accessible kitchen components
adjustable kitchen components
below counter refrigerator
freezer
kitchen faucet
kitchen sink
kitchen sink accessory
kitchen storage system
lever tap handle
shallow sink
single lever faucet
soap lotion dispenser
tap turner
6. Storage
cabinet door opener
cabinet organizers
hanger with extended hook
kitchen storage system
low clothes bar for closet
motorized clothing rack
pegboard accessories
slide out drawer for cabinet
storage shelves
7. Walls
hand rail
railing guard
8. Windows
accessible window
window opening aid
C. LIGHTING
adjustable arm lamp
adjustable height low visionlamp
automatic night light
battery operated lamp
high intensity lamp
lamp light sensor control
lamp motion sensor control
lamp switch extension lever
light switch extension
lighting control system
sound activated light switch
strobe light
tabletop lamp dimmer
touch light
D. OUTDOOR
1. Furniture
wheelchair picnic table
2. Playground
back support for swing
climbing structure
jungle gym
platform swing
playground equipment
reclining swing
swing
wheelchair exercise course
wheelchair jungle gym
wheelchair mobility training track
wheelchair swing
3. Surface Materials
beach mat
cushioned rubber mat
ground retention grid
wood fiber mat
E. SAFETY AND SECURITY
1. Alarm and Security Systems
burglar alarm
closed circuit tv system
distress flag signal
emergency alarm
emergency alert system
emergency evacuation system
peephole
power failure alarm system
safe with keypad access
security system
signal system
smoke alarm
timing switch
wandering patient system
2. Child Proof Devices
childproof cabinet lock
childproof electrical plug adapter
protective corner pad
3. Electric Cords
childproof electrical plug adapter
electrical outlet cover
storage reel for appliance cord
4. Lights
automatic night light
door lock light
flashlight with alarm
magnetic flashlight
motion sensor light
security power failure light
strobe light
5. Locks
magnetic padlock
tactile padlock
F. SIGNS
access sign
braille sign
car emergency sign
parking area marker
tactile sign
talking sign
G. SPECIALTIES
accessible fountain
electronic thermostat
room air conditioner
snow melting system
tactile thermostat
telephone enclosure
voting booth
voting booth accessory
H. VERTICAL LIFT
1. Elevators
dumb waiter
elevator
home elevator
2. Ramps
curb ramp
folding tracks
handrail for portable ramp
modular ramp
portable ramp
ramp
telescoping tracks
van ramp
3. Stair Lifts
exterior seat lift
exterior wheelchair lift
interior seat lift
interior wheelchair lift
wheelchair lift enclosure

HOME MANAGEMENT

A. FOOD PREPARATION
1. Appliances
braille overlay for controls
2. Cooking
knob turner
3. Measuring
kitchen scale
low vision timer
tactile kitchen scale
timer
B. FURNITURE
1. Bedroom
trapeze
2. Trays and Tables
1. Tables
accessible table
adjustable height desk
adjustable height tilt top work table
adjustable height work table
computer table
cut out table
folding table
kidney shaped table
powered adjustable height work table
rotating round table
table adapter
tilt top table
2. Furniture General
accessible bedroom furniture
accessible wardrobe
C. HOUSEKEEPING
1. Housekeeping General
dumb waiter
folding cart
magnetic flashlight
pull out tray for mailbox
rolling cart
2. Laundry
braille overlay for controls
clothes dryer
clothes washer
large knobs for washer

PERSONAL CARE

A. BATHING
1. Bath Lifts
hydraulic bath lift
mechanical bath lift
powered bath lift
powered bath lift for hydrotherapy
transfer lift bathtub adaptor
water hydraulic bath lift
water inflatable bath lift transfer seat
2. Bathtub Seats
a. Bathtub Benches
bathboard
shower tub trolley
transfer bench
b. Bathtub Seats General
bath seat
bath sling
bath support
bathtub caster board
bathtub shower frame
bathtub stool
child bath chair
child bath support
reclining bath seat
3. Shower Chairs
caster shower chair
caster shower commode
shower chair
shower stretcher
wheelchair shower commode
4. Shower Stools
corner shower seat
folding shower seat
folding shower stretcher
shower bench
shower stool
B. HOLDING
1. Holding General
ceiling mounted adjustable
suspension cable
2. Non-Slip Surfaces
anti skid tape
non slip matting
C. TOILETING
1. Commodes
a. Commode Chairs
adjustable height commode
caster commode
child commode
commode with removable arms
commode with seat lift
fixed height commode
folding adjustable height commode
folding fixed height commode
self contained commode
wheelchair commode
b. Shower Commodes
caster shower commode
wheelchair shower commode
2. Toilets
a. Safety Frames
adjustable safety frame
safety frame
safety frame with elevated toilet seat
safety frame with toilet seat
unilateral safety frame
wall mount safety frame
b. Toilet Seats
1. Elevated Toilet Seats
elevated toilet seat
molded elevated toilet seat
powered elevating toilet seat lift
wall hanger for elevated toilet seat

SENSORY DISABILITIES

A. BLIND AND LOW VISION
1. Kitchen Aids
braille overlays for controls
low vision timer
tactile kitchen scale
2. Labeling
aluminum clothing tags
braille dial
braille labeler
braille labeling sheets
braille labeling tape
clothing marker
keytop overlay
large print embossed labels
low vision marker
magnetic labeling tape
raised dot maker
tactile food labels
talking file card
3. Orientation
key holder with beeper
signal beacon
tactile compass
talking sign
4. Telephones
braille telephone device for the deaf
raised face plate
voice activated telephone
voice output telephone
voice output telephone aid
5. Time
a. Auditory
auditory timer
chiming clock
talking alarm clock
talking alarm clock radio
talking clock
talking digital clock
talking stopwatch
talking timer
talking watch
b. Calendars
braille calendar
cassette calendar for versabraille
low vision calendar
voice output calendar
c. Low Vision
low vision alarm clock
low vision digital clock
low vision timer
low vision wall clock
low vision watch
d. Tactile
tactile alarm clock
tactile clockface
tactile desk alarm clock
tactile pocket watch
tactile stopwatch
tactile timer
tactile watch
B. DEAF AND HARD OF HEARING
1. Amplification Systems
amplification system for radio
amplification system for television amplifier
amplifier telephone
audio loop amplification system
FM amplification system
induction loop amplification system
infrared amplification system
personal amplification system
transmitter for FM amplification system
vibrotactile amplification system
wireless microphone
2. Signal Systems
bed vibrator
doorbell signal
fire safety system
flashing light signal
pillow vibrator
remote control receiver for light signal
security system
smoke alarm
sound monitor
tactile paging system
telephone signal
wireless signal transmitter
3. Telephones
amplifier
amplifier telephone
auxiliary bell
braille telephone device for the deaf
conference call system for tdd
expanded keyboard for tdd
handset amplifier
printer for telephone device for the deaf (tdd)
signal amplifier
tdd answering system
tdd monitoring system
telecommunication device for the deaf (tdd)
telephone adaptor for hearing aids
telephone signal
telephone signal indicator
touch tone message decoder
voice amplifier
4. Time
bed vibrator
digital alarm clock
flashing alarm clock
pillow vibrator
timer
vibrating alarm clock
C. DEAF BLIND
braille telephone device for the deaf
communication device for the deaf blind
tactile paging system
tactile scal