Introduction to Funding Resources New technological developments have raised the expectation that people with disabilities can employ assistive devices to function more independently in their homes and communities, and pursue vocational goals not dreamed of before. Every day people act on this expectation and _do_ gain more independence. But expectations are often dashed or delayed when people seek financial assistance to purchase devices and are faced with a maze of funding sources, eligibility restrictions, paperwork requirements, and rules and regulations governing the funding of such equipment. Although ABLEDATA fact sheets usually discuss particular types of equipment, this one addresses funding issues raised by hundreds of NARIC and ABLEDATA users. This fact sheet introduces tools that will help you: - Select an appropriate device - Identify funding sources - Fit the requirements of your chosen funding sources - Prepare a justification statement that convincingly demonstrates to the funding sources that the device is appropriate. Contact information is listed for a few organizations you may find useful, and the document concludes with a bibliography of books and articles that explain funding issues in more detail. Identifying Equipment and Technology Needs Before considering funding sources and how to use them, consumers and their families should take a serious look at what the consumer wants and needs to do independently. This process is a type of a task analysis. The activities and needs identified will vary with the individual's age, geographic and financial circumstances, vocational goals, and personal desires. It might be helpful to develop an informal personal profile. Compile a list of activities, and then indicate what assistive technology might be useful in performing specific tasks. A general listing of activities might include the following: - Early childhood and pre-school - Transportation - Elementary and secondary education - Recreation and sports interests - Post-secondary education and training - Wheelchair or other ambulation aids requirements - Employment and career development - Personal care (dressing, bathing, eating, personal hygiene, and grooming) and home management (housekeeping, food preparation, and similar activities) - Prosthetic and orthotic needs - Sensory and communication Under each of these ten general areas there may be several specific functional tasks that could be made easier by the use of assistive technology. When developing this list be sure to consider which tasks truly require a technological solution. In some cases, it might be more efficient to perform a particular activity with the help of a personal assistant. Or instead of a high-tech solution, one might want to use a low- or no-tech solution. Simpler solutions are sometimes more reliable. (Electricity can shut down or a computer can fail.) Whatever decisions are made, high-tech, low- tech, or no-tech, they must be made with the individual's needs, preferences, and tolerance for technology in mind. Research will help to identify specific devices. A search of the ABLEDATA database can assist with this process; a review of product literature is also helpful. While researching the types of devices on the market or under development, collect price information together with a list of manufacturers and distributors. Comparison shopping is important before approaching a funding source. ABLEDATA can help with this information, too, by providing product information which includes manufacturers' names, mailing addresses, and telephone numbers as well as current manufacturer-quoted prices. In The Provision of Assistive Technology Services in Rehabilitation, the Arkansas Research and Training Center provides the following questions to assist in the search for an appropriate device. - Is technology necessary? - What type of assistive technology is indicated and what degree of improvement can be expected? - Where can this assistive technology be obtained, how much does it cost, and can it be rented? - What services are needed to prescribe, train, and follow-up with the aid or device? - What professionals are available to help justify the medical necessity for the assistive technology? - What is the warranty? Does the equipment manufacturer or local vendor provide any special assistance? - Is there a case manager assigned to the case, or how can one be secured? - If there is no case manager, who can help advocate for the consumer's needs? The publication goes on to advise that during the development of a funding strategy, "...other questions will arise. However, it is crucial that accurate information be secured in this ongoing process. The right information must include what are the most appropriate assistive technology and services for the individual, rather than what is the most affordable." Consumers may wish to consult a rehabilitation counselor, staff at an independent living center, or other advocate when researching and answering the questions listed above. Once a device has been identified, you can begin to concentrate your efforts on the source or sources of funding for the device. Selecting Funding Sources Sources of financial assistance for the purchase of assistive technology are many and varied. Each has different eligibility criteria. Most require that an application for services or financial assistance be completed. All have specific rules regarding what equipment can be purchased. The chart "Sources for Assistive Technology Funding," which is from the book The Provision of Assistive Technology in Rehabilitation, is reprinted below. It provides a summary of the major funding sources for acquiring assistive technology. The chart includes information on the legal basis, eligibility requirements, and payment policies for each program listed. Sources for Assistive Technology Funding The table below represents a synopsis of major funding sources for acquiring assistive technology, including the legal basis, eligibility and payment policies. People seeking funding may have to make use of more than one source in order to obtain the device needed. Rehabilitation practitioners, independent living programs, Client Assistance Programs, etc. might also find the following useful for certain individuals they serve. Source: The Provision of Assistive Technology Services in Rehabilitation: 17th Institute on Rehabilitation Issues, Las Vegas, NV, October 1990. Hot Springs, AR: Arkansas Research and Training Center in Vocational Rehabilitation. pp. 64, 66. Credit Financing Legislative/Legal Basis: Federal Reserve Regulations including anti-discrimination law (Regulation B), and Truth in Lending Law (Regulation Z). Eligibility: Based upon applicant's credit history, collateral used to secure the loan, and other assurance of likelihood that loan will be repaid. Equipment Payment Policies: Some equipment that would be difficult for bank to resell in event of default may need to be secured in other ways. Borrower, however, basically determines what is to be financed. Medicaid Legislative/Legal Basis: Title XIX of the Social Security Act. Eligibility: Categorically needy persons who are eligible for AFDC or Supplemental Security Income programs. Some states cover medically needy whose incomes, after deducting medical expenses, fall below income threshold. Equipment Payment Policies: Varies from state to state. Generally follows Medicare policies. Most states pay for Home Medical Equipment (HME), many pay for prosthetics and orthotics. Augmentative Communication paid for by growing number of states. Medical necessity is critical factor for payment. Medicare, Part B Legislative/Legal Basis: Title XVIII of the Social Security Act. Eligibility: Persons who are: - 65 years of age or older - Under 65, but disabled severely enough to qualify for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) for at least 25 months. Equipment Payment Policies: Durable Medical Equipment (DME): equipment which (a) can withstand repeated use, and (b) is primarily and customarily used to serve a medical purpose, and (c) generally is not useful to a person in the absence of an illness or injury; and (d) is appropriate for use in the home. - Internal prosthetic devices - External braces - Artificial limbs or eyes TEFRA Legislative/Legal Basis: Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 Birth through 6 Eligibility: Provides coverage for children deemed diagnostically eligible (as established by SSI definition), but would be financially ineligible for SSI due to parent income. Children must meet medical necessity requirements for institutional care. Equipment Payment Policies: The intent is to provide the necessary services, including equipment for the child, to remain in the home versus institution. Private Insurance - Health Insurance - Disability Insurance - Liability Insurance - Self-Insured Employers' Insurance Legislative/Legal Basis: Insurance Contract Eligibility: Persons recognized as beneficiaries/dependents under particular insurance policy. Equipment Payment Policies: Depends upon the terms of the contract. In some cases, such as with eyeglasses, equipment is specifically excluded. Often equipment is not explicitly specified in the contract. Payment then depends upon insurer's legal obligations, and the role of the desired equipment in meeting those obligations. Federal/state Rehabilitation Title I...VR Services Title VI...Supported Employment Title VII...Independent Living Title VIIC...Independent Living (Elderly Blind) Legislative/Legal Basis: Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and Amendments (Title I) Eligibility: Working age persons who are disabled and have some potential to benefit. Emphasis on persons with severe disabilities. Other Titles of Rehabilitation Act stress Independent Living/Supported Employment, where vocational potential is not the determining factor. Equipment Payment Policies: Equipment that is justified as expediting goal of vocational placement. Usually purchases reserved for clients who are at least job ready (Title I). In many states rehabilitation agency retains ownership to equipment. Special Education Legislative/Legal Basis: 1) Education for All Handicapped Persons Act (P.L. 94-142) and Amendments 2) Chapter I (Elementary and Special Education Act) Eligibility: Children with disabilities aged birth through 21. Equipment Payment Policies: Equipment that is justified as expediting educational goals of students. Also now responsible for meeting the family support needs of families with preschool aged children. In many states equipment is owned by and remains at the student's school. Veterans Administration Legislative/Legal Basis: Title 38 of the U.S. Code Eligibility: Veteran's service/financial status: Category A: Service connected veterans, or non-service connected, but with income below $15,000 (single); $18,000 (with dependent). Category B: Veterans not in Category A, but with annual income below $20,000 (if single); $25,000 (with dependent). Category C: All other veterans. Equipment Payment Policies: Equipment is paid for when deemed part of overall medical or rehabilitation intervention, which is dependent upon eligibility status. VA pays for such equipment as sensory aids, prosthetics and orthotics, mobility and transportation equipment, etc. when deemed necessary. Benefits provided to Category B veterans on an as-available basis and to Category C veterans as-available, with some co-payment required. Workers' Compensation Legislative/Legal Basis: Individual state Workers' Compensation Laws Eligibility: Workers covered under employer's workers' compensation policy, as mandated by state law. Equipment Payment Policies: Many states require physical and vocational rehabilitation benefits as means of helping return injured workers to the workplace. Equipment is often purchased as part of the rehabilitative process when deemed cost-effective. PASS Legislative/Legal Basis: Plans to Achieve Self-Support (Pass SSA Circular 05-09-SSI) Eligibility: An income and/or resource exclusion that allows a person who is blind or disabled to set aside income and/or resources for a work goal such as education, vocational training, starting a business. Equipment Payment Policies: Individuals can set aside funds to purchase work related equipment, i.e., a computer or other assistive devices. (end of "Sources for Assistive Technology" chart) Most primary sources of financial assistance are programs authorized and funded by the federal government. Programs such as Social Security are operated by federal agencies. Others, such as vocational rehabilitation programs are federal/state partnerships and are operated by state agencies. As noted in the table, the Supported Employment (Title VI programs) and Independent Living Services (Title VIIA & VIIC) are federal/state rehabilitation programs that also provide funding for assistive technology. Independent living programs are noteworthy because they can provide funds to purchase assistive technology for individuals neither working nor preparing for work, and who therefore are ineligible for vocational rehabilitation. Title VII monies can pay for assistive devices that enhance an individual's ability to function more independently at home and in the community. In addition to government agencies, some private organizations can be sources of funding. Foundations, corporations, and trust funds are potential sources of direct financial assistance. Some research at a local library will help identify an appropriate source of funding. Usually, the person seeking funds must write a funding proposal or justification statement indicating the nature of the need and how the monies will be spent. This may be simply a letter or it may require a more formal write-up. Civic organizations and service clubs are another resource. They often raise funds on behalf of individuals in need of financial assistance for the purchase of assistive devices. Lions Clubs, Kiwanis, Rotary, and Pilot International are examples of organizations that have a history of assisting people with disabilities. Finally, there are several organizations that have established low-interest, revolving loan programs. These programs are particularly valuable to individuals and families whose income makes them ineligible for programs based on financial need. The low-interest loan program administered by the National Easter Seals Society was established specifically to aid people with the purchase of assistive technology. The American Foundation for the Blind, in cooperation with Xerox Corporation and the Bank of Boston, established a low-interest loan program to help people who are blind pay for the purchase of personal readers. A few manufacturers of assistive technologies provide financing or other forms of time payments, but this is a rare practice. However, manufacturers and vendors are often sensitive to the difficulties that consumers face when trying to find funding sources. Prentke Romich Company of Wooster, Ohio, is one example of a vendor attempting to aid its current and potential customers by educating them about the funding process. Reproduced at the end of this document is a copy of their handout "Funding Devices and Services in Augmentative and Alternative Communication," which provides additional information about funding sources and an overview of the funding process in the context of communication devices. Once you have identified a primary source of funding, you should develop a specific strategy that is tailored to your unique requirements. Developing A Funding Strategy When deciding on the best approach for funding the purchase of assistive technology, it may be appropriate to choose one primary source. However, funding sources often like to share the cost with one or more other providers. The key to success is selecting the appropriate funding strategy. The Arkansas Research and Training Center offers the following questions which might help to narrow down the choices: - What is the most promising funding source? - Has this source been dealt with before? a. Was it successful? b. What problems were encountered? c. Who was the contact person? - Is there a possibility of more than one funding source? - Will the vendor be an advocate and provide pre-approval and billing services? - Are there persons with disabilities using these devices, and can they be contacted for suggestions on their proper use? - Will the device enable the consumer to enter or continue employment, live more independently, or improve overall health? Can the funding source be convinced of this advantage? - Are written policies of the primary source available? - Is it possible for two different funding sources to coordinate cost? - If a person has a disability as a result of a job-related accident, is the device the responsibility of workers' compensation insurance? - Will a civic or charitable organization, foundation, or association help raise the necessary funds? The Arkansas RTC publication notes that the answers to these questions will be unique for each individual and may depend on factors such as severity of disability, age, education, employment status, insurance coverage, and geographical location. Preparing A Justification Statement Some funding sources require the applicant to prepare a justification statement. This is particularly true for government programs. When the funding source is a public or private insurance policy, either the expected beneficiary, a physician, or a therapist usually must submit a statement indicating the medical necessity of the purchase. When applying for funds from a state vocational rehabilitation agency the applicant must demonstrate that the device or technology will assist in preparing for, getting, or keeping a job. If work is not an expected outcome, then the justification must indicate that the device will enhance the individual's ability to function independently. Often local school districts will pay for devices and auxiliary aids used in the classroom. Families requesting that the school pay for assistive technology should be prepared to demonstrate how the device will enhance the child's ability to obtain an appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. Other funding sources will have their own specific requirements. Success in securing funding is often dependent on the applicant's ability to address each agency's unique requirements in a funding request. Getting Your Facts Straight: Compiling a Personal History for Funding Request Forms Every funding request will require that you provide basic personal information. It may be helpful to collect this information before approaching potential funding sources. In addition to information such as your name and address, be prepared to offer the following: - Primary Disability - Time of Onset - Cause of Onset - Secondary Disability(ies) - Time of Onset - Cause of Onset - Employment History (including length of employment and reason for leaving) - Names, Ages and Relationship of Dependents: - Family Income (Amount before taxes) - Monthly Expenses (including rent or mortgage payments, utilities, outstanding loans, and medical expenses) - Health Insurance, including plan type (for people categorized as a dependent, the name of the policy holder) The Keys to Funding In sum, the keys to opening the agency doors--and breaking down funding barriers--are knowledge, determination, and preparation. First, identify specific needs, then identify assistive technology that can address the need. Become familiar with potential funding sources, their eligibility criteria, paperwork requirements, and payment policies. Learn to select appropriate funding sources to match the need and to justify the funding request in terms that meets the agency's goals. Agencies and Organizations The following agencies and organizations may be of assistance in your search for funding. In some cases, the organizations have national, state, and local offices, and you will be directed to the office nearest you. In some cases you will be routed several times when you call; you may be put on hold. Unfortunately, you will have to explain what you want more than once. Please be patient and persistent. Some of the organizations in this listing do not provide funding directly. The following group of organizations is explained in the chart on pages 4-5, "Major Payment Sources for Assistive Devices." These agencies operate on the state or local level. How to Find Agency Telephone Numbers To contact the nearest agency handling Vocational Rehabilitation, Worker's Compensation issues, and the Veterans Administration, call your state's Agency Locator service. Agency Locator operators have listings for state offices similar to the general listings offered by directory assistance operators (in your state the service may be known as the state switchboard). The numbers for Agency Locators in the United States are listed at the end of this document. If your telephone book lists the agency numbers (found in the blue pages, U.S. Government agency listings), you won't need the Agency Locator number. If you call the Locator service, ask for the following: - For Vocational Rehabilitation, ask for the Client Assistance Program. - For Worker's Compensation, ask for the Worker's Compensation Office or State Employment Services Office. - For the Veteran's Administration, ask for the nearest VA Medical Center. - For the Social Security PASS program, ask for social services or welfare, or call the Social Security Administration's national toll-free information and referral line, 800/772-1213. Hours: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. eastern time. State Agency Locator Numbers: Alabama...205/242-8000 Alaska...907/465-2111 Arizona...602/542-4900 Arkansas...501/371-3000 California...916/322-6740 Colorado...303/866-5000 Connecticut...203/566-2211 Delaware...302/736-4000 District of Columbia...202/727-1000 Florida...904/488-1234 Georgia...404/656-2000 Hawaii...808/586-2211 Idaho...208/334-2411 Illinois...217/782-2000 Indiana...317/232-3140 Iowa...515/281-5011 Kansas...913/296-0111 Kentucky...502/564-2500 Louisiana...504/342-6600 Maine...207/289-1110 Maryland...301/974-2000 Massachusetts...617/727-2121 Michigan...517/373-1837 Minnesota...612/296-6013 Mississippi...601/354-7011 Missouri...314/751-2000 Montana...406/444-2511 Nebraska...402/471-2311 Nevada...702/885-5000 New Hampshire...603/271-1110 New Jersey...609/292-2121 New Mexico...505/827-4011 New York...518/474-2121 North Carolina...919/733-1110 North Dakota...701/224-2000 Ohio...614/466-2000 Oklahoma...405/521-2011 Oregon...503/378-3131 Pennsylvania...717/787-2121 Rhode Island...401/277-2000 South Carolina...803/734-1000 South Dakota...605/773-3011 Tennessee...615/741-3011 Texas...512/463-4630 Utah...801/538-3000 Vermont...802/828-1110 Virginia...804/786-0000 Washington...206/753-5000 West Virginia...304/558-3456 Wisconsin...608/266-2211 Wyoming...307/777-7220 Two other state-level numbers that may be useful in your funding search are those of the Disability Determination Unit, and the State Protection and Advocacy System. Information about special education funding is sometimes available from your Local Education Agency, usually your school district's special education coordinator, or your state Board of Education, within the office of the state Director of Special Education Programs. Contacting a parent advocacy group may also be helpful, which is possible through the National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities, listed below. Tech Act State Projects Not listed in the payment sources chart is information about projects funded by the Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-407), commonly known as the Tech Act. The Tech Act authorizes the U.S. Department of Education to provide grants, on a competitive basis, to establish and operate consumer-responsive, statewide programs to provide people with disabilities and their families with information about the availability of assistive technology products and services. Forty-two states currently have Tech Act programs. It is hoped that all 50 states and U.S. territories will be funded by 1995. Some states have used Tech Act money to help people with disabilities actually purchase assistive devices, but this is not the primary purpose of the program. Several of the projects, like the ones in South Carolina (see the documents section), Kentucky, Maryland, and Nebraska, have produced funding resource guides specific to their states. Contact RESNA (below) to find out if there is a Tech Act project in your state. RESNA Technical Assistance Project. RESNA, 1101 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036. 202/857-1140 (Voice/Text Telephone). Hours: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. eastern time. RESNA is an association that works for the advancement of rehabilitation engineering and assistive technologies. It has a federally-funded ccontract to provide Tech Act projects with technical assistance and information on how to develop and implement programs that allow people with disabilities and their families to receive appropriate assistive technology services. RESNA can provide consumers with information about 42 projects currently funded by the Act; there may be a project in your state. Tech Act programs do not usually provide direct funding for assistive technology. The Foundation Center. 79 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003. 800/424-9836. Hours: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. eastern time. The Foundation Center is an independent national service organization established to provide information on private philanthropic giving. It publishes directories, such as Foundation Grants to Individuals, which you can use to identify funding sources in your area and determine whether you qualify for funding. The Center maintains information in over 180 libraries across the U.S.; the national office can give you information about participating libraries in your area. Muscular Dystrophy Association Affiliates. MDA National Office, 3300 East Sunrise Drive, Tuscon, AZ 85718. 800/527-1717; 602/529-2000. Ask for the Patient Services Department. Hours: 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. mountain time. MDA is a national voluntary public health organization that provides assistance to people with neuromuscular diseases through its state and local chapters. MDA is funded almost entirely by individual private contributions. Publications available include MDA's Patient Services brochure (free), which includes information about their operating procedures, patient services, and equipment they provide to qualified applicants. United Cerebral Palsy Associations, Inc. 1522 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. 800/872-5827; 202/842-1266 (both are Voice/Text Telephone). Hours: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. eastern time. Through its 150 local affiliates, UCPA assists with worksite accommodations, environmental controls, computer access for pre- schoolers, school-age youth and adults, adaptive toys and switches, augmentative communication, and other assistive technology. Services offered by affiliates vary; some provide financial assistance and/or equipment loan programs. Contact your local affiliate to determine what type of assistive technology services they offer; local affiliates also provide information and referral for assistive technology services and funding. National Easter Seal Society, Computer Assisted Technology Services (CATS) Program. 70 East Lake Street, Chicago, IL 60601-5907. 312/726-6200. Contact person: Bill Watson. Hours: 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. central time. The CATS program provides information on how people with disabilities can obtain loans, and offers low-interest loans to qualified applicants. Easter Seals can also provide information about getting computers and related computer equipment at a discount. Money for loans will only be available through September 1992. The national office refers the caller to local Easter Seal affiliates when possible. Hear Now. 4001 South Magnolia Way, Denver, CO 80237. 800/648- HEAR; 303/758-4919 (Both are voice/Text Telephone). Hours: 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. mountain time. This organization disseminates donated, reconditioned hearing aids or cochlear implants to low-income people with hearing impairments, through their National Hearing Aid Bank. There is an application process for acceptance into the program; hearing aids are of the behind-the-ear type. Hear Now can also make referrals to the caller's local hearing impairment services. The National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (NICHCY). P.O. Box 1492, Washington, DC 20013. 800/999-5599; 703/893-6061; Text Telephone: 703/893-8614. Hours: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. eastern time. NICHCY can refer interested parents to Parent Training Information Projects (PTIPs) and Parent-to-Parent support groups in their state. There is at least one PTIP in every state. While they do not provide funding, PTIPs and Parent-to-Parent groups can link parents seeking funding information with each other and, in some cases can provide information on the legal rights pertaining to Individualized Education Plans, as well as parents' potential role in securing funding for assistive technology. Documents The following books and journal articles from the NARIC library have been singled out as being useful for people searching for assistive device funding. Copyright law prevents us from photocopying some documents; several are offered free by request, several might be in a local library, or the local library might be able to get them through the inter-library loan program. Purchasing information has been provided as well; most of the books are available only from the publisher. Assistive Financing for Assistive Devices: Loan Guarantees for Purchase of Products by Persons with Disabilities: EIF/REC Review Paper. Reeb, K. G. Washington, DC: Electronic Industries Foundation, Rehabilitation Engineering Center, 1989. 29 p. Available from EIF/REC, 919 18th Street NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20006. 202/955-5810. Text Telephone: 202/955-5836. Cost: Free. This document provides information on assistive financing, both the concept and its implementation by model programs around the United States. The document encourages consumers to share the responsibility of paying for equipment and promotes consumer involvement in the choice of the best product. Defines loan guarantees and credit financing and applies them to financing of assistive devices; discusses model programs such as the Mitarai/Canon Optacon financing program (totally subsidized by Canon USA) and the California Department of Rehabilitation's two programs, the Handicapped Transportation Loan Guarantee Program and the Supported Employment Loan Guarantee Program. Includes two appendices, a contact information for the model programs, and sample materials from the model programs (forms, letters, statements). Payment for Assistive Devices by the Veterans Administration. Reeb, K. G.; Stripling, T. E. Washington, DC: Electronic Industries Foundation, Rehabilitation Engineering Center, 1989. 17 p. Available from EIF/REC, 919 18th Street NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20006. 202/955-5810. Text Telephone: 202/955-5836. Cost: Free. Describes the Veterans Administration (VA) and methods by which it pays for assistive devices for veterans. It is designed to be used as a resource tool for those who work with or within the VA system. Describes the payment process for equipment, and identifies various levels of decision-making and control. Subsidy Programs for Assistive Devices. Ward, C. Washington, DC: Electronic Industries Foundation, Rehabilitation Engineering Center, 1989. 35 p. Available from EIF/REC, 919 18th Street NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20006. 202/955-5810. Text Telephone: 202/955-5836. Cost: Free. Although the primary audience for this publication is researchers and policy makers, consumers may find it helpful because it provides background information on subsidy sources for assistive devices. It lists subsidy programs, competitive subsidy programs, competitive subsidies available through device manufacturers, and subsidies made available through the collaborative efforts of business and voluntary health organizations. Discusses philosophical issues raised by providing subsidies to people with disabilities. A list of monographs on alternative payment and strategies for assistive technology funding by the Electronic Industries Foundation is also included. Medicaid Payment for Rehabilitation Equipment. Markowicz, A.; Reeb, K. G. Rehabilitation Report, Vol. 5, No. 3, March/April 1989. p. 4-16. NARIC Accession Number: XJ12729. In this document, two authors of the Electronic Industries Foundation Rehabilitation Engineering Center provide a general overview of the Medicaid system as it concerns reimbursement for rehabilitation equipment. Addressed are: a brief history of the Medicaid system, eligibility requirements, the Medicaid payment process, the intake/prescription entry into the Medicaid system, procedures for requesting prior authorization for payment, billing and claims review, the determination of Medicaid policy, and variations in coverage. Included is a table listing individual state coverage of devices within nine general categories, including: ambulation aids, mobility aids, seating and positioning aids, bedroom aids, prosthetics and orthotics, environmental control and safety equipment, architectural items, sensory and communication aids, and transportation aids. The authors suggest in their conclusion that it is important for anyone dealing with the Medicaid system to develop appropriate lines of communication with Medicaid personnel. Financing Adaptive Technology: A Guide to Sources and Strategies for Blind and Visually Impaired Users. Mendelsohn, S. B. New York: Smiling Interface, 1987. 206 p. Available from: Smiling Interface, P.O. Box 2792, Church Street Station, New York, NY 10008-2792. Specify the format you prefer: print, braille, audio, cassette, or Apple IIe disk. Cost: $23. This document discusses funding avenues open to people with blindness or visual impairments and approaches useful in obtaining funding. Chapters discuss the vocational rehabilitation system, other programs of state blindness agencies, the Social Security Administration, the credit (lending) system, the tax code and tax considerations, the education system, miscellaneous sources and special situations, and what agencies can do to aid in the dissemination of adaptive technology. Funding Technology Devices: Ways Through the Maze. Pressman, H. The Exceptional Parent Magazine, October 1987. Boston, MA: Psy-Ed Corporation. pp. 48-52. NARIC Accession Number: XJ11444. Looks at ways to fund technology devices for people with disabilities, noting that the way the original case is structured accounts for more rejections than any other factor. Emphasizes the importance of being informed in order to significantly influence the prospects of successful, quick funding. Important steps are: choosing which source of support to pursue, selecting the source for funds, getting a good technology evaluation in order to get the best possible device, gathering documentation to support the application, using the appropriate terminology to justify the need, getting advice from professionals, and improving the appeal, should the request be denied. Final suggestions include providing printed literature with the application to describe the product, considering Medicaid, being willing to appeal an appeal if necessary, and pursuing all appeal opportunities with the help of a knowledgeable advocate. Financing the Purchase of Devices for Deaf and Severely Hard of Hearing People: A Directory of Resources. GRI Monograph Series B, No. 3, Washington, DC: Technology Assessment Program, Gallaudet Research Institute, Gallaudet University, Fall 1989. 26 p. Available from: The Office of GRI Publications, Gallaudet Research Institute, Gallaudet University, 800 Florida Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20002. Cost: $5.50 plus shipping and handling. Directory of programs that purchase, finance, or lend sensory devices for people with hearing impairments. The directory covers only devices that are used in daily living and make use of senses other than hearing, including Text Telephones, closed caption television decoders, and flashing signal systems. Section I provides an introduction to the directory, its purpose, and the types of programs that fund and finance technological aids for people with severe hearing impairments. Section II provides a listing of national and regional programs: Medicare, Medicaid, Telephone Company Reduced Rate programs, the Veterans Administration, Vocational Rehabilitation, Lions Club, other service organizations, Sections 501, 503, and 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and applicable IRS and state tax laws. Section III contains a listing of state and local programs in 30 states. The listings in Sections II and III include descriptions of the programs and addresses/phone numbers for obtaining additional information. An appendix provides contact information for State Vocational Rehabilitation Agencies and Title XIX State Agencies. Guidelines for Seeking Funding for Communication Aids. 1988 Revision. DePape, D. J. Madison, WI: Trace Research and Development Center, 1988. 30 p. Available from: Trace Research and Development Center, S-151 Waisman Center, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705. 608/263-2309. Cost: $6. Provides guidelines for people who are seeking funding for communication aids/prostheses. The report discusses reasons people with disabilities may need a communication aid, ways communication aids can help people participate more fully in life, and considerations in the selection of a communication aid. It then describes how to secure funding, including selecting a person to coordinate the effort, deciding on the potential funding source or sources to approach and making contact, providing documentation to the funding source, following up with appeals, if necessary, and arranging for purchase and training. Includes appendices with funding sources, state agencies for crippled children, state agencies for vocational rehabilitation programs, and reference books. A Guide to Funding Resources for Assistive Technology in South Carolina. Anderson, S. L., Stevens, J. H., Trachtman, L. H. West Columbia, SC: Center for Rehabilitation Technology Services, 1990. 54 p. Available from: SCVRD-CRTS, 1410-C Boston Avenue, West Columbia, SC 29171-0015. 803/822-5362. Cost: Free. While this publication is specifically designed to provide information on funding resources in South Carolina, it contains helpful suggestions that can be used by anyone trying to identify funding sources for assistive technology. The document discusses what assistive technology is and why it's important, developing a funding strategy, how the funding system works, and funding sources in South Carolina. (It might be beneficial to contact the assistive technology project in your state, if you have one (discussed in part One), or your state vocational rehabilitation agency, and ask if they have a similar guide for your state.) Reimbursing Adaptive Technology. Summers, L. NARIC Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 4, Winter 1989. Silver Spring, MD: National Rehabilitation Information Center. Cost: Free. This article contains information about the process of obtaining and reimbursing adaptive technology, including identifying an appropriate device and locating funding sources. Suggestions for funding include those related to medical condition, employment, or special education; personal payment sources such as social security or loans; and philanthropies and other sources. Also discussed is writing the funding application in a way that clearly justifies the need for the device to the funding agency's satisfaction. Includes references. Assistive Technology: A Funding Workbook. Part I: A Road Map to Funding Sources; Part II: An Outline of Federal Laws and Rules. Morris, M. W. and Golinker L. A., authors, and Bailey, M. N., and Moore, K. L., eds. Washington, DC: RESNA Technical Assistance Project/RESNA Press, January 1991. 183 p. Available from: RESNA Press, 1101 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036; 202/857-1199. Cost: $25. Contact person: John Green. This document, primarily written for rehabilitation professionals, has information in Part I that may be of interest to people with disabilities; it contains suggestions on how to develop an effective and comprehensive strategy to obtain federal or state funding for assistive technology. It should help consumers better understand how agencies work and why they provide particular services. Part II of this workbook is targeted to policy makers, administrators, consumer advocates, and others in the field of rehabilitation; it outlines major statutory and legislative requirements and federal regulations that relate to funding assistive technology. Funding for Assistive Technology and Related Services: An Annotated Bibliography. Enders, A. Missoula, MT: Rural Institute on Disabilities, 1992. 22 p. Available from: Montana University Affiliated Rural Institute on Disabilities, University of Montana, 52 Corbin Hall, Missoula, MT 59812. 406/243-5467. Cost: $4.50. Presents a list of publications and references related to financial aid and other funding for assistive technology and rehabilitation services, including information on funding from assistive technology service delivery programs which have evolved outside the traditional domains of health care reimbursement. Each entry has a brief description of the content of the document. An Annotated Bibliography on Funding for Technology. Kemlage, B. M., ed. Washington, DC: REquest Rehabilitation Engineering Center on the Evaluation of Assistive Technology, June 1992. 12 p. Available from: REC on the Evaluation of Assistive Technology, National Rehabilitation Hospital, 102 Irving Street NW, Washington, DC 20010-2949. 202/877-1932. Text Telephone: 202/726-3996. Cost: Free. A bibliography of publications and other sources of information on funding and financing for assistive technology. The list may be useful to consumers, clinicians, individuals responsible for prescribing assistive technology, and third- party payors. Has brief description of entries, and additional availability information is provided where applicable. ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT This document is available in several forms: as an electronic text file (this document), on disk, on cassette, in braille, and in printed form (both in large print and formatted with a desktop publishing program). This guide is part of a series of resource guides produced by ABLEDATA and NARIC. Those interested in distributing this document in printed form are encouraged to contact NARIC at the below address, and we will arrange to send you a free copy in any of the formats mentioned above. You are free to upload this document to appropriate online services, so that it reaches as many people as possible, provided that you leave the information unaltered. If you use this information in new publications, please verify prices and document availability. NARIC and ABLEDATA guides are updated occasionally, so you may wish to contact ABLEDATA to receive the latest copy (check date of release, below). The National Rehabilitation Information Center and ABLEDATA invite your comments and recommendations on this resource guide; corrections, information about publications and resource information that is not included here, and other suggestions are welcome. Please address your remarks to NARIC, 8455 Colesville Road, Suite 935, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3319. NARIC's phone numbers: 800/227-0216, or in Maryland, 301/588-9284 (both are voice/TT); Our fax number is 301/587-1967. Many NARIC and ABLEDATA documents, as well as our databases REHABDATA and ABLEDATA, are available from our BBS, ABLE INFORM, at 301/589-3563 or FTS 427-0280. Date of print document release: July 20, 1992 Date of electronic document release: July 30, 199