Business and Administration Accountants and Auditors Accountants and Auditors provide firms and individuals with financial information key to making sound business decisions. Analyze and review revenues, expenses, taxes and other liabilities and prepare financial reports. May also evaluate company operations to improve their effectiveness and comply with government regulations and corporate policies. May specialize in taxes, budgeting or cost accounting, or design accounting systems to monitor and control waste and fraud. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 27.5% 29,870 8,220 6,250 Factors Driving the Growth Corporations will continue to place more emphasis on developing, improving and maintaining up-to-date financial records to facilitate business decisions and make operations more efficient. Consequently, demand for accountants and auditors should increase rapidly. Where Jobs are Currently Found Accounting, Auditing, & Bookkeeping Firms (18%) Federal Government (8%) Self-Employed (8%) Banks (6%) Wholesalers (6%) State Government (4%) Security & Commodity Brokers (3%) Insurance Companies (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $30,000* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Most firms require at least a bachelor's degree in accounting or a related field. Some employers prefer a masters's degree in accounting or business administration with a concentration in accounting and internal auditing. Familiarity with computers and related accounting software is also preferred. Career Paths As accountants and auditors become more experienced they may become senior accountants, supervisors or partners in the firm. Some may become the company's controller or financial manager. Other workers who use accounting principles in their work include underwriters, securities sales workers, and purchasing agents. Adjustment Clerks Adjustment Clerks investigate and resolve customers' complaints about merchandise, service, billing or credit rating. May write letters to explain company policy. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 16.4% 11,810 1,940 1,740 Factors Driving the Growth In an increasingly competitive economy business establishments will seek to maintain good customer relations and resolve customer complaints more quickly. These changes in business practices should increase demand for adjustment clerks about as fast as overall economic growth. Where Jobs are Currently Found Telephone Communications (16%) Insurance Companies (11%) General Merchandise Stores (8%) Wholesalers (7%) Newspapers and other Printing and Publishing Companies (7%) Trucking and Airline Companies (7%) Banks (5%) Computer Software and Data Processing Service Firms (4%) Security and Commodity Brokers (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $18,000 Education and Training No formal training is required, however employers prefer applicants who possess good writing and communication skills. Interpersonal skills are also sought. Career Paths With more education and experience, adjustment clerks can advance to supervisory or management positions. Other workers who investigate and respond to inquiries from clients include bill and account collectors, customer service representatives, and insurance claims representatives. Administrative Services Managers Administrative Services Managers direct and coordinate office support functions within companies. They may supervise secretarial and other administrative support staffs such as conference planners and mail rooms. May also be responsible for the purchase, use and disposal of equipment, and other company property, services and supplies. May require extensive travel between home offices, branch offices, vendors' offices and property sites. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 18.5% 9,230 1,710 2,050 Factors Driving the Growth Economic growth and the expansion of high-tech service-oriented companies are the primary factors stimulating the demand for administrative services managers. Some large companies may continue to reduce and streamline these services. Nevertheless, job prospects should be better for administrative services managers who oversee the implementation and operation of sophisticated office systems. Where Jobs are Currently Found Wholesalers (13%) Management Consulting & Public Relations Firms (11%) Insurance Companies (6%) Individual and Family Service Agencies (6%) Membership Organizations (5%) Local Government (4%) Security and Commodity Brokers (3%) Banks (3%) Hospitals (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $30,000* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Proven leadership ability and a good track record in handling people and their conflicting demands are most often the deciding factors that companies look for when hiring administrative service mangers. Educational requirements are also important, but vary widely. For managers of highly complex services such as contract administration, a bachelor's degree is preferred. For overseeing secretarial, mail room and other administrative activities an associate's degree in business or management is preferred. Decisiveness, flexibility and the ability to cope with deadlines are also important. Career Paths Highly experienced administrative service managers who have thorough understanding of the company's operations can advance to top-level management positions and become directors or executive vice presidents. Other workers who oversee support service include wholesale and retail buyers, property and real estate managers, marketing sales managers, and personnel managers. Bill and Account Collectors Bill and Account Collectors solicit payments on overdue accounts. They locate and notify customers of their late payments, set up terms for repayment and keep daily logs of calls. If payments are not forthcoming, they may initiate repossession proceedings, disconnect service or refer the account to an attorney for legal action. May perform many administrative tasks as well. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 28.6% 5,070 1,450 650 Factors Driving the Growth Firms will strive to keep their losses at a minimum and hire more collectors to keep client payments on schedule. Where Jobs are Currently Found Wholesalers (20%) Credit and Mortgage Brokerage Institutions (16%) Credit Reporting and Collection Agencies (13%) Banks (10%) Insurance Companies (6%) General Merchandise Stores (6%) Utilities and Sanitary Services (5%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $17,000 Education and Training No formal training is required, however employers seek individuals who are persistent, detail-oriented and good communicators. Previous work experience as a collector or telemarketing representative is also helpful. Career Paths With experience, successful bill and account collectors can become supervisors or start their own collection agencies. Other workers who investigate, analyze and resolve customer complaints include insurance adjusters and examiners, welfare eligibility workers, probation officers, financial aid counselors, loan officers and credit officers. Senior and Mid-level Managers Senior and Mid-level Managers run companies, major divisions or groups of operations. They formulate policies, set goals, and oversee subordinate executives. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 13.5% 95,930 12,940 21,320 Factors Driving the Growth Projected employment growth of senior and mid-level managers is tied to overall economic growth and the startup of new businesses. Expansion in the complexity of business operations also should spur demand for managers. Competition for these top managerial jobs will continue to increase as large companies downsize. Nevertheless, thousands of openings will become available as many executives retire. Where Jobs are Currently Found Services (28%) (Engineering and Management Consulting Firms 5%) (Computer Software and Data Processing Firms 2%) (Social Service Agencies 3%) (Elementary and Secondary Schools 2%) (other Service Companies 16%) Retail Trade (23%) (Sporting Goods Stores and other Misc. Retail Stores 6%) (Eating and Drinking Places 5%) (Food Stores 4%) (other Retail Stores 8%) Manufacturing (13%) Wholesalers (12%) Finance, Insurance and Real Estate (9%) State Government (6%) Construction (5%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $46,000* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Experience is the primary qualification most companies look for. Graduate and professional degrees are also preferred. Leadership skills, the ability to deal effectively with a wide range of people, and to assess large amounts of data and information are also sought. The ability to consider and evaluate the interrelationships among numerous factors and to select the best course of action is also highly valued. Career Paths Managers are already at the top of their field. However, they can move to another firm to gain a better salary or vary their experience. Some may stay in the firm to advance to the presidency. Some managers may start their own firms. Other workers who plan, organize and coordinate operations of an organization include governors, mayors, commissioners, and directors. Economists and Market Research Analysts Economists & Market Research Analysts conduct surveys, do research, monitor economic and demographic trends and advise clients on business and economic issues. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 26.5% 4,000 1,060 1,580 Where Jobs are Currently Found Computer Software and Data Processing Firms (30%) Self-Employed (25%) Management Consulting Firms (15%) Research and Testing Labs (12%) State and Federal Government (8%) Personnel Agencies (7%) Security and Commodity Brokers (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $33,000 Factors Driving the Growth In a highly competitive and global economy, the need for economic analysis and market research will continue. This need will increase the demand for economists and marketing researchers. Thousands more openings should also occur to replace those workers who retire. Education and Training A bachelor's degree in economics or marketing is required for entry level positions. Competition will remain keen given the large number of qualified applicants. A graduate degree is necessary for more advanced positions. Career Paths Highly experienced economists and market research analysts can advance to supervisory positions and become chief economists or research directors. Some economists and market researchers with many clients can start their own consulting firms. Other workers who analyze and interpret financial and economic data include accountants and auditors, operations research analysts, management analysts, urban and regional planners, and sociologists. Employment Interviewers Employment Interviewers help people find jobs and employers find qualified people to fill them. They screen applicants, check references, set up interviews, and notify applicants of job openings. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 14.6% 2,740 410 700 Factors Driving the Growth Expansion of personnel agencies and temporary help firms should drive most of the new jobs for interviewers. Where Jobs are Currently Found Personnel Agencies (52%) State Government (33%) Management Consulting & Public Relations Firms (7%) Job Training and Related Service Firms (4%) Wages and Salaries General Salary Range: $17,500-$21,540 in State Government Education and Training Employers generally seek college graduates. However, agencies that specialize in placing highly trained workers such as accountants and auditors may prefer a master's degree or some training or experience. Career Paths Experienced interviewers can advance to supervisory positions or start their own companies. Some may become career counselors or personnel managers. Financial Managers Financial Managers direct, develop, and oversee the preparation of economic and financial data to assess firms' present and future financial status. May forecast revenues, analyze risks, study future investments, and plan mergers and acquisitions. Though their duties vary widely, financial managers are chiefly concerned with planning and implementing policies and procedures. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Jobs Openings 21.5% 25,490 5,470 5,540 Factors Driving the Growth In an increasingly competitive and global economy, financial management will play an ever more critical role in efficient business operations. Consequently, the need for highly skilled financial managers should expand faster than average. Demand should be spurred by rapid growth of service companies and changes in tax laws and other financial procedures. Where Jobs are Currently Found Banks, Insurance and Real Estate Companies (18%) Manufacturing Firms (17%) Construction Firms (6%) Hospitals and other Medical Facilities (5%) Computer Software & Data Processing Firms (3%) Management Consulting Firms (3%) Colleges and Universities (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $35,000 Education and Training Requirements Prior experience as an accountant, auditor, or budget or management analyst is most often the primary qualification for a job in this occupation. A Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree has also become increasingly important. Ability to work independently, and communicate well both orally and in writing are also highly desirable skills, valued by employers. Career Paths Financial managers are already at the top of their field. They may decide to move to another organization to gain a better salary or vary their experience. Some may be selected to head their companies as presidents. General Office Clerks General Office Clerks perform a wide range of office tasks specific to needs of the company. Duties change daily, but generally include typing correspondence, answering telephone calls, delivering messages, bookkeeping, operating office machines, and taking inventory. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 16.3% 60,980 9,920 12,380 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for general office clerks will rise faster than most clerical jobs as more small businesses place a single office worker--frequently a general office clerk--in charge of all clerical functions. Turnover is high in this occupation and thousands of jobs should also result from replacement needs. Where Jobs are Currently Found Wholesalers (9%) Schools (8%) Hospitals (6%) Telephone Communications (6%) Banks (5%) Insurance Companies (4%) Local Government (4%) Sporting Goods Stores and other Misc. Retail Stores (4%) Offices and Clinics of Medical Doctors (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Weekly Earnings: $320.00* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training On-the-job training usually is provided. However, employers prefer high school graduates with courses in word processing and general office practices. Applicants must be able to work as part of a team and be flexible to meet unexpected shifts in demands and priorities. Career Paths With experience and strong communication and interpersonal skills, general office clerks can become office supervisors or managers. With further education, some can advance to professional positions. Human Resource Managers Human Resource Managers help top management make effective use of employees' skills. They establish and implement personnel policies and procedures, review compensation packages, and develop or improve performance evaluations. They may also recruit, interview, and hire employees, implement training programs and plan employee orientation sessions. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 22.2% 6,340 1,410 2,080 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for highly skilled human resource managers should expand as firms continue to review and evaluate their personnel policies and benefits and implement more training programs. Where Jobs are Currently Found Computer & Office Equipment Manufacturers (9%) Engineering and other Management Consulting Firms (7%) Membership Organizations (6%) Wholesalers (5%) Banks (5%) Colleges and Universities (5%) Hospitals (4%) Personnel Agencies (4%) Insurance Companies (3%) Computer Software and Related Services (3%) Retail Trade Stores (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $33,000 Education and Training Proven leadership ability and experience in personnel administration is most often preferred by firms. Educational requirements vary, but most companies prefer applicants with a college degree. Career Paths Highly talented human resource managers with experience can advance to become corporate vice presidents. Those with specialized expertise may start their own management consulting firms. Insurance Claims Representatives and Adjusters Insurance Claims Representatives and Adjusters investigate claims, negotiate settlements and authorize payments to claimants. May specialize in claims resulting from fire damage, marine loss, automotive damage, product liability or workers' compensation disputes. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 15% 8,590 1,290 1,060 Factors Driving the Growth An expanding population and economy increases the volume of insurance for life, health, property, and other types of policies. This growth stimulates demand for claims representatives and adjusters to explain , resolve and settle disputes on insurance matters. Opportunities should be particularly good for claims representatives who specialize in complex business insurance such as workers' compensation and product and pollution liability insurance. Where Jobs are Currently Found Insurance Companies (74%) Insurance Agents, Brokers, & Services (19%) Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (3%) Federal Government (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Weekly Earnings: $569.00* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Most companies prefer to hire college graduates. However, job applicants with specialized training in related fields such as automobile repair may qualify as an automobile adjuster. A good memory for details and the ability to communicate effectively to gain the respect and cooperation of others are also highly regarded. Career Paths Adjusters and investigators begin as trainees under the supervision of more experienced workers. As trainees gain experience they are assigned larger, more complex claims. Other types of workers who negotiate and investigate claims include budget analysts, automobile damage appraisers, cost estimators, contract administrators, and private investigators. Lawyers Lawyers advise clients on the legal aspects of business and personal matters. They consult with clients, advise them about laws and regulations and make recommendations on courses of action. May draw up wills, trusts, mortgages, leases and other legal contracts. May specialize in trial work, criminal, corporate or patent law or teach in universities. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 34.1% 15,260 5,200 4,240 Factors Driving the Growth Increases in the number of firms needing legal counsel, combined with the increasing complexity of business activities will help sustain strong demand for lawyers. Increased use of legal services by individuals, legal clinics, and more affordable legal services should also stimulate job growth. Where Jobs are Currently Found Law Firms (58%) Self-Employed (28%) Government (7%) Insurance Companies (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $46,000 Education and Training Lawyers must be licensed and admitted to the Massachusetts Bar under the rules established by the state supreme court. To qualify for this exam, a candidate must have graduated from an accredited law school. Career Paths Most lawyers initially work as research assistants to more experienced lawyers or judges. After a few years of experience they may try cases on their own. Highly successful lawyers with several years of experience can become partners. Other workers who must uphold and carry out the law include judges, lobbyists, patent agents, and police officers. Legal Secretaries Legal Secretaries prepare correspondence and legal papers such as summonses, complaints, motions, and subpoenas under the direction of an attorney. May also review legal journals and assist in legal research. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 40.4% 9,650 3,900 3,000 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for legal secretaries will expand rapidly as the state and the nation's legal systems change to resolve legal matters more quickly. Where Jobs are Currently Found Law Firms (96%) Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate Firms (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Weekly Earnings: $410.00* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Specialized training in legal secretarial work is required and available at business schools, community colleges and universities. Career Paths In large law firms, highly experienced legal secretaries can become supervisors or office managers. With further education, some legal secretaries can become paralegals or lawyers. Other workers who process information include medical assistants, court stenographers, and medical records technicians. Management Analysts and Consultants Management Analysts and Consultants provide advice on how firms should reorganize their business to improve productivity. They collect, analyze and review work procedures, conduct work simplification and measurement studies, design new systems and procedures and recommend solutions. Often help top level management implement the changes. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Jobs 45.0% 5,290 2,380 790 Factors Driving the Growth In a highly competitive global economy, firms cannot afford to risk losing their share of the market. As a result, companies will continue to rely on outside expertise to improve the performance of their organizations. Management analysts will be increasingly relied upon to help reduce costs, streamline operations, and develop marketing strategies. Where Jobs are Found Self-Employed (39%) Management Consulting & Public Relations Firms (35%) State Government (6%) Federal Government (5%) Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate Firms (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $35,000 Education and Training A master's degree in business administration or a discipline closely related to the firm's area of specialization is preferred by most management consulting firms. Bachelor degree holders may work as research assistants or junior management analysts. Job applicants should be self-motivated and communicate well both orally and in writing. Career Paths Junior management analysts usually start as a member of a consulting team, taking on more responsibilities with experience. Those with highly exceptional skills and a large client base may eventually become partners in the firm. Others may even start their own firms. Other workers who analyze data and assist management include economists, operations research analysts, financial analysts and computer systems analysts. Operations Research Analysts Operations Research Analysts resolve organizational problems to help companies use and manage resources--their employees, buildings, equipment, and supplies--more efficiently. They study in-depth, all or part or an organization's operations and use this knowledge to provide a rational basis for decision-making. They construct powerful mathematical and computer models that represent the company's operations to make projections and improvements. They present and prepare reports, make recommendations, and work with management to implement solutions. May participate in one or all phases of an operations study. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 55.8% 2,240 1,250 400 Factors Driving the Growth As computer costs fall and competition increases, more organizations are expected to use operations research to aid decision making. These changes should drive the demand for operations researchers. Most of the job growth should occur in large and medium-sized service oriented companies. Where Jobs are Currently Found Computer Equipment Manufacturers (16%) Accounting, Auditing and Bookkeeping Firms (13%) Insurance Companies (9%) Computer Software and Data Processing Firms (9%) Management Consulting and Public Relations Firms (8%) Security & Commodity Brokers (7%) Federal Government (7%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $33,000 Education and Training Requirements A master's degree in operations research, management science, mathematics, statistics, or business management is preferred. Job applicants should also enjoy thinking logically and working with people. They must also keep up with new developments in both operations research and computer science. Related Career Paths Operations research analysts advance by taking on more complex assignments. With experience some may steadily work up to leadership positions. Their training and experience may also allow them to become a top corporate executive or president. Workers in other fields closely related to the "decision sciences" include computer scientists, applied mathematicians and statisticians, economists and industrial engineers. Paralegals Paralegals help lawyers prepare cases by checking facts and researching laws. They may draft mortgages, divorce agreements, prepare tax returns, secure loans for the corporation and review government regulations. May specialize in one area of the law. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 75.2% 2,460 1,850 240 Factors Driving the Growth The use of paralegals will continue to grow rapidly, as more companies become aware that paralegals can perform many legal tasks for lower salaries than lawyers. Competition for jobs should remain keen, however, as the growing number of persons pursuing this career keeps pace with job growth. Graduates of well-regarded programs should have better opportunities. Where Jobs are Currently Found Law Firms (82%) Insurance Companies (4%) Real Estate (4%) State Government (3%) Federal Government (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $25,000* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Employers generally prefer formal legal training. Two and four year programs are offered at colleges and universities, community and junior colleges, and business schools. Certification is not necessary, but may enhance employment opportunities. An ability to organize large amounts of information is essential. Career Paths Experienced paralegals can advance by assuming more responsibilities. Some with exceptional communication skills may become supervisors of clerical staffs and delegate work assigned by attorneys. With further education, some paralegals may become lawyers. Personnel, Training and Labor Relations Specialists Personnel, Training and Labor Relations Specialists implement established personnel programs. Administer employee benefits, conduct training programs, and interview and hire people. May specialize in recruiting, interviewing, analyzing benefits or negotiating labor agreements. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 30.4% 9,670 2,940 2,470 Factors Driving the Growth In an increasingly complex world with vast labor markets, companies will continually strive to create the most highly skilled and educated work force. As a result they will continue to need more personnel specialists to monitor, review and administer complicated employee benefit packages and conduct more training programs to improve worker productivity. Where Jobs are Currently Found Membership Organizations (12%) Computer Software firms (8%) Computer Equipment Manufacturers (8%) Telephone Communications (5%) Colleges and Universities (5%) Federal Government (4%) Hospitals (4%) Banks (4%) Insurance Carriers (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $26,000 Education and Training Firms generally seek college graduates with courses in management and organizational science. Job applicants must be able to speak and write effectively and work well both with others and independently. Ability to function under pressure is essential in some jobs. Career Paths With experience, personnel specialists can become supervisors or managers. Depending on their work experience and background, some can become chief compensation benefits managers or negotiators. Other personnel specialists who conduct training seminars can head up the corporate training department or start their own consulting firms. Secretaries Secretaries perform a wide range of administrative tasks to keep offices running smoothly. They schedule appointments, give information to callers, take dictation, compose and type routine correspondence, read and route incoming mail, and file correspondence and other records. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 4.3% 83,100 3,600 25,800 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for secretaries is closely tied to overall economic growth and developments in office automation. Powerful new technologies such as e-mail, facsimile machines and voice answering machines may slow the demand for secretaries in the years to come. However, as new firms start up or expand, the demand for secretaries to relay information, schedule conferences and receive clients should increase. In addition, companies will need to replace secretaries who retire or leave the work force. This will spur thousands of openings. Where Jobs are Currently Found Manufacturers (14%) Insurance and Real Estate Firms (10%) Colleges and Universities (8%) Wholesalers (7%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (6%) Hospitals (5%) Personnel Agencies (4%) Construction (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Weekly Earnings: $374.00* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Most employers require training in word processing, spreadsheets and database management. Courses in these areas, as well as programs in secretarial science, are offered at vocational educational associations, business schools, vocational-technical schools and community colleges and usually take one or two years. Career Paths Qualified secretaries who have in-depth knowledge of company operations may become senior or executive secretaries or office managers. Secretaries who possess exceptional word-processing skills can become word-processing instructors and supervisors. Other workers who disseminate and record information include medical records technicians and technologists, legal and medical assistants, and bookkeepers. ---------- Computers, Engineering and Science Biological Scientists Biological Scientists study living things to increase knowledge and improve human life. Develop, test and inspect food, drugs and other products, write technical reports, do consulting work, plan and administer programs. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 36.2% 2,290 830 980 Factors Driving the Growth Development of new biological methods and a rapidly aging population underscore much of this growth. Most growth will occur in private industry, especially in biotechnology firms that conduct genetic and biotechnical research for new product development. Where Jobs are Currently Found Research and Testing Labs (56%) Hospitals (14%) Federal Government (11%) Drug Manufacturing Companies (7%) State Government (7%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $26,080* *Many graduate and Ph.D. students work part-time as biological scientists while completing their courses. Education and Training A master's degree or Ph.D. is required for many jobs. A bachelor's degree is adequate preparation for some nonresearch jobs in testing and inspection or technical sales. Whatever the job, employers prefer biological scientists who can work both independently and as part of a team and who can communicate clearly and concisely. Career Paths A degree in the life sciences is excellent preparation for many jobs in the health field, including careers as a medical scientist, physician, or veterinarian. Civil Engineers Civil Engineers plan, design, and oversee the construction of infrastructures, for example, roads, airports, tunnels, bridges, dams, and water and sewage systems. May also conduct research, advise on engineering problems, prepare feasibility reports and teach. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 24.8% 7,020 1,740 2,130 Factors Driving the Growth Increases in population and economic growth, combined with an aging infrastructure should generate faster than average job growth for civil engineers. Most new jobs will be found in engineering firms that provide state-of-the-art design services. World economic growth should also mean more jobs for civil engineers employed in firms that export these services to other states and countries. Where Jobs are Currently Found Engineering Management Consulting Firms (40%) State Government (32%) Federal Government (5%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $38,000 Education and Training A bachelor's degree in civil engineering is suitable for beginning engineering jobs. Interpersonal skills combined with well- developed communication and engineering skills offer civil engineers a distinct advantage when applying for management positions. Civil engineers should be able to work as part of a team and exhibit creativity, an analytical mind and a capacity for detail. Career Paths Civil engineers may advance to positions in management once they gain some experience. Those who specialize may start their own businesses. Other workers who apply scientific and mathematical principles in their work include architects, biologists, oceanographers, computer scientists, and physical and life scientists. Computer Programmers Computer Programmers write a series of coded instructions, called programs, that list in logical order the steps a computer must follow to process information. They also test and debug programs and prepare instruction sheets to assist workers who run the programs. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 46.8% 15,820 7,400 4,870 Factors Driving the Growth The ever-increasing demand for information, and further advances in factory and office automation, medical science, and research and development should continue to generate numerous jobs for programmers. More programmers will also be needed to create and maintain complex systems and embed these new technologies in more and more products. Where Jobs are Currently Found Computer Software Firms (23%) Management Consulting Firms (8%) Insurance Companies (8%) Wholesalers (7%) Colleges and Universities (5%) Banks (3%) Engineering Management Consulting Firms (3%) Computer Manufacturers (3%) Trucking and Warehousing Companies (3%) Self-Employed (2%) State Government (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $31,200 Education and Training A bachelor's degree in computer or information science is increasingly preferred. Courses in business, accounting, engineering, science and management are also helpful for jobs in banking, insurance, engineering and other business and science- oriented industries. Keeping up with the latest software developments is essential to job performance. Career Paths Experienced programmers can advance to various administrative or operational supervisory positions. Those interested in the analytical aspects of programming can become systems analysts. Highly experienced programmers may start their own company or do consulting work. Workers in other fields closely related to the "decision sciences" include computer scientists, applied mathematicians and statisticians, economists and industrial engineers. Computer Service Technicians Computer Service Technicians repair, maintain and install computer equipment. May specialize in maintaining or repairing a particular brand or type of system. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 73.4% 1,770 1,300 230 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for computer service technicians will grow faster than average, as companies continue to automate their computer operations in search of greater productivity and improved service. Where Jobs are Currently Found Computer Software and Data Processing Firms (47%) Wholesalers (37%) Radio, TV and Consumer Electronics Stores (5%) Self-Employed (5%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $28,000 Education and Training Training in electronics is required for most entry level jobs. Formal training is offered by public and private vocational technical schools, community and junior colleges, technical institutions, and colleges and universities. Programs take one to two years. Applicants for entry jobs may have to pass tests that ensure mechanical aptitude, knowledge of electricity or electronics and general intelligence. Career Path Experienced technicians with advanced training can become trouble shooters who help diagnose difficult problems or assist engineers in the development of maintenance procedures. Others who enjoy working with people can become supervisors, managers or manufacturers' sales representatives. Other workers who repair and maintain electronic equipment include automotive electricians; TV, radio and other home entertainment equipment repairers; and heating, air conditioning and refrigeration technicians. Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians and Technologists Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians and Technologists test, repair and service equipment. May build prototype of newly- designed equipment and assist engineers in routine design. Must possess a basic understanding of the field in which they are working. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 38.4% 15,780 6,060 2,730 Factors Driving the Growth Increases in research and development budgets should spur the growth of new products, meaning rapid job growth for electrical and electronics technicians to test equipment for product quality. In addition, companies are expected to improve and update products more rapidly than in the past as competition increases and technology advances. Well-qualified engineering technicians should have the most opportunity for employment. Where Jobs are Currently Found Wholesalers (23%) Computer Software & Data Processing Firms (17%) Electronic Components & Accessory Manufacturers (10%) Computer Equipment Manufacturers (8%) Search & Navigation Equipment Manufacturers (7%) Communications Equipment Manufacturers (6%) Measuring & Controlling Device Manufacturers (5%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $28,680 Education and Training Companies prefer applicants who have some technical training from technical institutes, junior or community colleges, or vocational technical schools. In order to function as a member of the technology team, engineering technicians and technologists should work well with others and communicate effectively. Career Paths Electrical and electronic engineering technicians advance by taking on more responsibilities and continuing their education. With experience, some may supervise assembly operations or other groups of technicians and assume administrative tasks such as writing reports and manuals. If they continue their education, some may become engineers. Other workers who apply scientific, engineering and mathematical principles include science technicians, drafters, and health technicians and technologists. Electrical and Electronics Engineers Electrical and Electronics Engineers design, develop and improve electronic and electrical equipment, including radar, sonar, computers, compact discs players, VCRs, microwave ovens, and medical devices. May test and solve operating problems, prepare feasibility reports and estimate the time and cost of a project. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 18.7% 20,360 3,800 6,030 Factors Driving the Growth Employment opportunities for electronics engineers should remain favorable. Reduced defense spending will lead companies to invest heavily in new plant and equipment and update and improve products more frequently. Biomedical and communications industries are expected to account for most of the job openings. Where Jobs are Currently Found Computer Equipment Manufacturers (29%) Search & Navigational Equipment Manufacturers (10%) Electronic Components & Accessory Manufacturers (9%) Research and Testing Firms (7%) Computer Software & Data Processing Firms (6%) Wholesalers (5%) Measuring & Controlling Device Manufacturers (5%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $43,000 Education and Training Most employers require a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. Graduates of four year engineering technology programs may have some difficulty finding jobs, as some employers regard graduates of these programs as having skill levels between those of a technician and an engineer. Graduate training enhances promotion opportunities, as does keeping abreast of the latest technological advances. Career Paths Electrical and electronics engineers advance with experience to become supervisors or lead engineers. With good management and engineering skills, some may become department managers or directors of research and development. Many individuals trained as engineers apply their knowledge to work in other fields such as sales or law. Firms with a product to sell often employ electrical engineers in sales because they have the background to discuss electrical problems with prospective customers. Engineering, Science and Data Processing Managers Engineering, Science and Data Processing Managers oversee and direct technical, scientific and computer related activities. May design and improve production processes, coordinate testing and quality control, forecast costs and equipment, hire qualified staff, review design programs and reports and obtain grants. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 37.1% 16,880 6,260 3,750 Factors Driving the Growth Public and private spending on research and development should expand rapidly and generate most of the new jobs for engineering, math and science managers. Companies should also update and improve their products more frequently and thus require more engineers. Where Jobs are Currently Found Computer Software & Data Processing Firms (18%) Computer Equipment Manufacturers (14%) Engineering Management Consulting Firms (9%) Management Consulting & Public Relations Firms (7%) Research and Testing Labs (5%) Electronic Components and Accessory Manufacturers (4%) Search and Navigational Instrument Manufacturers (3%) Measuring and Controlling Device Manufacturers (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $50,000* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Experience as an engineer, systems analyst, mathematician, chemist, physicist, biologist or other natural scientist is usually required to become an engineering, science or data processing manager. Education requirements vary. A bachelor's degree is required, and a master's degree is often preferred. Employers also look for job applicants who are effective leaders and communicators who can organize and coordinate work flow. Career Paths Much of the work of engineering, science, and data processing managers focuses on planning and directing key departments crucial to the company's success. With experience some of these managers may advance to hold senior executive positions within the company. Some may start their own firms. Geologists, Geophysicists and Oceanographers Geologists, Geophysicists and Oceanographers analyze and monitor changes in the environment. May design and oversee waste disposal sites, water supplies, and land usage. May also reclaim contaminated land and water and help identify safe locations for hazardous waste facilities, nuclear power plants, and landfills. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 38.3% 1,490 570 640 Factors Driving the Growth Increased emphasis on preserving and protecting the environment and other natural resources should stimulate faster than average job growth for geologists, geophysicists and oceanographers in Massachusetts. Where Jobs are Currently Found Engineering Management Consulting Firms (53%) Research and Testing Labs (22%) Federal Government (7%) Management Consulting & Public Relations Firms (6%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $34,000 (Geologists & Geophysicists) Education and Training A master's degree in geology, geophysics or oceanography is usually required for most jobs. Persons with strong backgrounds in physics, mathematics or computer science may also qualify for jobs. A Ph.D. is essential for jobs in research or college level teaching. Career Paths Geologists and geophysicists often begin their careers as research assistants. As they gain experience they may become project leaders, program managers or directors of research. Other workers who apply mathematical and scientific principles include chemists, physicists, meteorologists and computer scientists. Mechanical Engineers Mechanical Engineers act as an interface between society and technology, designing and producing many of the tools needed by other engineers. Develop, design, and build power-using engines (steam, jet and rocket engines) and power-driven machines (refrigerators, air-conditioners and other appliances, robots, printing presses, tools and elevators). May specialize in heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and refrigeration, pollution control, solar energy, aviation and space, and underwater technology. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 17.4% 8,830 1,540 3,040 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for mechanical engineers is primarily tied to investments in new technology and economic growth. As new industries develop, the demand for machinery and machine tools grows, increasing the need for more mechanical engineers. The increasing complexity of industrial machinery and processes should also spur job growth. Where Jobs are Currently Found Engineering Management Consulting Firms (10%) Measuring & Controlling Device Manufacturers (8%) Computer Equipment Manufacturers (7%) Personnel Supply Agencies (7%) Aircraft Manufacturers (6%) Electronic Components & Accessory Manufacturers (5%) Wages and Salaries Median: $39,000 Education and Training A bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering is required for most entry level jobs. Four year programs in engineering technology provide practical experience in this field. However, employers generally consider this training sufficient only for a technician's position. Mechanical engineers must keep up to date on new technologies and methods of analysis. Graduate training is essential for advancement. Patience, resourcefulness, creativity and curiosity about the way devices and machines work are also necessary. Career Paths Mechanical engineers have many career paths open to them. They may work in research and development, design and testing, or become supervisors or department managers. Some may become managers of operations/maintenance or enter into sales or other administrative positions. Medical Research Scientists Medical Research Scientists study and investigate human diseases and ways to improve human health. May study tissues, genes, or parasites to develop new medical treatments or vaccines. Includes anatomists, pharmacologists, medical pathologists, public health specialists, and physicians and dentists who engage in clinical research, production, or technical writing. Excludes medical practitioners who provide patient care or dispense drugs. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 49.5% 910 450 390 Factors Driving the Growth The population is expected to age rapidly and require more medical treatments. Cures will be sought for cancer, osteoporosis, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease and others. This will increase the demand for medical research. In Massachusetts many of these jobs are expected to be found in hospitals and research and testing laboratories. Where Jobs are Currently Found Hospitals (63%) Research and Testing Labs (21%) Self-Employed (9%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $26,000* *Many graduate and Ph.D. students work part-time as medical scientists while completing their education. Education and Training Full professional status as a scientist requires an M.D.degree or Ph.D. Master degree holders may find part-time work as research or teaching assistants. College graduates with science degrees may also find jobs as scientific assistants in hospital laboratories or state and local public-health departments. Career Paths Graduate and undergraduate students advance by accepting more responsibilities and continuing their education. Bachelor degree holders usually perform routine assignments under the direction of more experienced research assistants. Graduate students usually begin as research assistants and work under the direction of a senior scientist. An M.D. degree and extensive experience may lead to positions as a medical consultant. Physical and Life Science Technicians and Technologists Physical and Life Science Technicians and Technologists set-up, operate and maintain laboratory instruments, monitor experiments, and measure and record results. May conduct tests, collect data and draw preliminary conclusions. Includes biological, chemical and other science technicians. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 24.6% 6,940 1,710 2,550 Factors Driving the Growth Increased spending on research and development will generate faster than average job growth. Employment of biological technicians is expected to increase faster than for most other technicians. Increases in biotechnology research and development should stimulate faster than average job growth for science technicians and technologists. Where Jobs are Currently Found Research and Testing Labs (29%) Colleges and Universities (12%) Drug Manufacturers (7%) Plastic Material and Synthetics Manufacturers (5%) Medical Instruments Manufacturers (4%) Federal Government (4%) Hospitals (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $21,600 (Biological Technicians) $24,820 (Chemical Technicians) $20,000 (Science Technicians) Education and Training Most firms prefer applicants with at least two or more years of specialized training. Emphasis should be on theory as well as extensive hands-on experience with a variety of laboratory equipment. Training may be obtained from junior and community colleges or technical institutes. Many applicants also have bachelor's degrees and with experience may become supervisors. Career Paths Physical and life science technicians and technologists advance by taking on more responsibilities and continuing their education. They usually begin as trainees, working under the direct supervision of a scientist or experienced technician. As they gain experience, some physical and life scientists can become lab supervisors. However, a bachelor's degree is often necessary for sales jobs. A doctorate degree is also required to become a research director. Other workers who apply scientific theories to help improve human life include health technicians and technologists and engineering technicians. Systems Analysts Systems Analysts plan ways to use computers to solve scientific, engineering, and business problems. They determine what data must be collected, the equipment needed for computation, and the steps to be followed to process the information. Once a computer system has been developed, they prepare charts and diagrams that describe its operation. May also prepare reports to help clients understand the system. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 72% 18,280 13,120 2,130 Factors Driving the Growth As companies attempt to make their organizations more efficient by networking their computer systems, jobs for systems analysts will soar. Prospects will continue to be very good for college graduates with training and experience in business, science and other applied fields. Where Jobs are Currently Found Computer Software Firms (18%) Computer Manufacturers (11%) Wholesalers (7%) Self-Employed (7%) Insurance Companies (6%) Banks (4%) Management Consulting Firms (4%) Federal Government (3%) State Government (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $38,000 Education and Training A college degree with a major in computer science, business management, science or closely related field is preferred by most employers. However, for some jobs that are more complex, graduate degrees are required. Job applicants must be able to communicate effectively and keep abreast of the latest technological changes. Career Paths With experience junior systems analysts may advance to senior and lead system analyst positions. Those who exhibit management abilities may become supervisors or managers of data processing or other information systems departments. Many workers sometimes enter this occupation from other professional occupations. For example, an auditor in accounting may become a computer systems analysts specializing in accounting systems development. ---------- Health Dental Assistants Dental assistants perform a variety of laboratory and administrative duties in dentists' offices. They record patients' personal information, prepare them for treatment, arrange and sterilize dental instruments, make dental impressions, process dental x-rays, and remove sutures. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 41.1% 3,990 1,630 1,220 Factors Driving the Growth With higher incomes, desire for retention of natural teeth, and increases in dental insurance coverage, demand for dental services is expected to soar. This should in turn generate more jobs for dental assistants. Where Jobs are Currently Found Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (97%) Wages and Salaries Median Hourly Wage: $8.90* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Requirements On-the-job training is provided. High school courses in biology, chemistry, health, typing, and other office practices provide a useful background for employment. Certification is not usually required for employment, however it may give some job applicants an advantage over the competition. Most dental assisting programs take one year or less to complete and lead to a certificate. Career Paths Dental assistants can advance by continuing their education and taking on additional responsibilities. With experience some may become office managers. Others with more clinical experience may go back to school to become dental hygienists. Other workers who support health practitioners include medical assistants, chiropractic assistants, and ophthalmic medical assistants. Dental Hygienists Dental Hygienists provide direct patient care under the direction of a dentist. Examine, clean and polish teeth. Give fluoride treatments, take x-ray films, and instruct patients on preventing gum disease and developing good eating habits. May develop and organize community dental health programs. Factors Driving the Growth Demand for dental care is expected to rise rapidly as more people live longer, and more firms offer dental insurance. The trend toward group practices should also increase the demand for dental hygienists, as group practices employ more support personnel than solo practices. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 36.0% 3,000 1,080 720 Where Jobs are Currently Found Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (98%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $19,200* *about half of all dental hygienists work part-time Education and Training Requirements Dental hygienists must be licensed. To obtain a license, a candidate must graduate from an accredited dental hygiene school and pass both a written and clinical examination. High school courses in biology, health, chemistry, speech, psychology, and mathematics are helpful for admission. Career Paths Other workers who assist health practitioners include dental assistants, office nurses, medical assistants, and physician assistants. Dietitians & Nutritionists Dietitians and Nutritionists plan meal programs to promote healthy eating habits and treat illnesses. May also supervise the preparation and serving of meals in hotels, hospitals and prisons. Evaluate patient diets, develop and implement nutrition programs and evaluate and report results. May also instruct individuals and their families on good eating habits. May analyze foods and conduct studies on diet and health. Some specialize in the care of obese, critically ill, or diabetic patients. Factors Driving the Growth Nutritional programs should expand rapidly due to expected growth in nursing homes, schools, prisons, and community health centers. Public interest in nutrition and health education will add to the demand. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 20.9% 1,910 400 540 Where Jobs are Currently Found Hospitals (28%) Offices and Clinics of Medical Doctors (22%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (17%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (12%) Self-Employed (5%) Wages and Salaries Average: $17,000 Education and Training Requirements A bachelor's degree in dietetics, food and nutrition, or food service management is usually required for most entry level jobs. Certification as a registered dietitian is available through the American Dietetic Association. Career Paths Experienced dietitians may advance to assistant, associate, or director of a dietetic department. Some may become consultants. Workers with duties similar to administrative dietitians include food service managers and nurse and health educators. Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) EMTs respond to calls for emergency medical assistance and provide immediate care. May administer medications and intravenous fluids, assist in childbirth, restore breathing, control bleeding, and treat shock and heart attack victims. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 21.3% 2,300 490 280 Factors Driving the Growth The number of people who are more likely to need emergency services will grow rapidly as the population ages, increasing the employment of EMTs. Opportunities will continue to be plentiful in hospitals and private ambulance companies. Competition for jobs will be keen in police, fire and rescue squad departments where salaries and benefits tend to be better. Where Jobs are Currently Found Private Ambulance Companies (52%) Local Government (30%) Hospitals (17%) Wages and Salaries General Salary Range: $15,000-$24,000 for entry level EMTs in private ambulance companies. EMT wages are generally higher in municipalities. Education and Training Requirements EMTs must be certified. Applicants for EMT training must be at least 18 years old, possess a valid driver's license and be able to carry and lift at least 100 pounds. Formal training is available in hospitals and junior and community colleges as well as colleges and universities. Continuing education is essential to job performance. Career Paths EMT/Paramedics can become supervisors, operations managers or directors of emergency services. With more education, some may become RNs or physicians. Homemakers/Home Health Aides Homemakers/Home Health Aides care for elderly, convalescent or handicapped people in their homes. Home health aides bathe and change patients' dressings and assist them with walking and other exercises. They work under the direction of a registered nurse or physical therapist. Homemakers provide housekeeping and other household services. They shop, prepare meals, cook, clean, change bedding, do the laundry and provide companionship. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 54.4% 15,600 8,490 3,660 Factors Driving the Growth The number of people in their seventies and beyond who will require this type assistance is projected to rise substantially. Research has shown that treatment is more effective in familiar rather than clinical surroundings. This finding, combined with the development of portable medical equipment will lead to more people receiving medical treatment in their own homes. These advancements should rapidly swell demand for home health aides and homemakers. Where Jobs are Currently Found Home Health Care Agencies (34%) Individual & Family Social Service Agencies (31%) Personnel Agencies (26%) Residential Care Facilities (5%) Wages and Salaries Median Hourly Earnings: $7.60* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Requirements Federal law requires home health aides to pass a competency test or complete 75 hours of practical training supervised by a registered nurse. Training and testing programs are available at the American Red Cross and other agencies. Career Paths Homemaker/home health aides advance with increased responsibilities and education. As they gain experience, home health aides assist with more complex medical equipment. Other workers who are direct care givers include child care attendants and occupational and physical therapy aides and assistants. Licensed Practical Nurses Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) provide much of the bedside care patients require under the direction of a registered nurse or physician. Take temperatures and blood pressure, record vital signs and assist patients with bathing, dressing and personal hygiene. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 30.3% 15,400 4,670 3,680 Factors Driving the Growth Caring for the needs of an aging population will increase the demand for LPNs. Nursing homes will continue to offer the most new job opportunities. A growing number of LPNs will also provide home care. Where Jobs are Currently Found Hospitals (39%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (37%) Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (5%) State Government (4%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $18,450 Education and Training Requirements LPNs must be licensed. Applicants must complete an approved program in practical nursing and pass a national written examination. Training programs generally last one year and include both classroom study and clinical practice. Career Paths Licensed practical nurses advance with more education. With additional years of training or schooling, some can become staff nurses. Other workers who care for and assist people include emergency medical technicians, human service workers and teachers' aides. Medical Assistants Medical Assistants perform many routine clinical and administrative tasks in doctors' offices. They sterilize and arrange medical instruments, take and record vital signs, update and file patient records, and make arrangements for hospital admission and laboratory services. May handle billing and instruct patients about medication and special diets. In large practices, may specialize in one area. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 64.1% 3,540 2,270 440 Factors Driving the Growth As the population ages and requires more diagnostic tests, employment of medical assistants will increase. In addition, as medical group practices become larger and more complex more medical assistants will be needed to process paperwork and keep offices running smoothly. Where Jobs are Currently Found Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (77%) Hospitals (15%) Wages and Salaries Median Hourly Wage: $9.00* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Requirements No formal training is required. However, employers prefer to hire experienced workers or graduates of formal training programs offered at vocational schools and community and junior colleges. High school courses in math, health, biology, typing and bookkeeping are helpful for admission. The ability to put patients at ease and explain doctors' instructions clearly and concisely are also sought. Career Paths With experience, medical assistants can become office managers or medical records clerks. With additional schooling, some may become nurses, therapists, or technologists. Medical Lab Technicians and Technologists Medical Lab Technicians and Technologists perform a wide range of tests to detect, diagnose and treat medical diseases. They prepare specimens and examine and analyze blood, tissues and other bodily substances; interpret results and relay them to physicians. Their responsibilities depend largely on their education and experience. May specialize in a particular type of test in large labs. Includes biochemistry technologists, blood bank technicians, clinical chemistry technologists, microbiology technologists; and cytotechnologists. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 17.5% 8,340 1,460 2,260 Factors Driving the Growth An aging population requiring more medical tests will drive the demand for medical lab technicians and technologists. Further medical advances are also likely to spur demand for additional testing. Rapid job growth is expected in medical labs and doctors' offices. Although hospitals will continue to contract out a portion of their laboratory testing needs, they will continue to remain the largest employer of medical lab technicians and technologists. Where Jobs are Currently Found Hospitals (69%) Medical and Dental Labs & Other Health Centers (15%) Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (10%) Research and Testing Service Firms (3%) Federal Government (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $20,020 Education and Training Requirements Hospitals and independent labs prefer a bachelor's degree in medical technology or life sciences for most entry level positions as a medical technologist. An associate degree is required for laboratory technicians. Training programs for technicians vary widely and persons interested in this career should select a program carefully. Career Paths Technologists can advance with experience to supervisory or management positions. Graduate education usually accelerates advancement. With additional education and experience, technicians can become technologists. Medical Records Technicians & Technologists Medical Records Technicians and Technologists evaluate health records for completeness and accuracy. They ensure all forms are present and properly signed. Code symptoms, diseases, operations, and procedures for reimbursement by Medicare or other health insurance programs. May tabulate and analyze data and write reports. In large hospitals they may specialize in Medicare coding, tumor registry or another aspect of medical record keeping. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 36.8% 1,330 500 320 Factors Driving the Growth Concern over rising health costs will continue to increase the need for detailed medical records in hospitals, nursing homes and doctors' offices, increasing the demand for medical records technicians. Rapid growth in the number of new medical tests, treatments and procedures should also spur job growth. Where Jobs are Currently Found Hospitals (62%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (13%) Medical Labs & Other Centers (11%) Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (8%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: Information not available Education and Training Requirements Most employers prefer to hire graduates of two-year associate programs who are also certified as accredited records technicians. Formal degree programs in medical records are offered at community and junior colleges. Career Paths Experienced medical records technicians advance by specializing in coding or managing a department. In large medical records departments, experienced technicians may become section supervisors. With a bachelor's degree in medical record administration, some may become directors. Medical Secretaries Medical Secretaries perform a wide variety of office duties to ensure that information is disseminated. They take dictation, compile and record medical charts and reports and prepare correspondence. May assist physicians or medical staff with reports, speeches, articles and conference proceedings. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 54.0% 7,520 4,060 2,340 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for medical secretaries will increase rapidly during the 1990s as the number of doctors' offices, clinics and other medical facilities expand to meet the health needs of an aging population. Many additional job openings will result from those medical secretaries who leave the work force. Where Jobs are Currently Found Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (62%) Hospitals (33%) Medical Labs & Other Health Centers (3%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Hourly Wages: 9.00* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Most employers prefer formal training. One or two year programs in medical secretarial training are offered by business schools, vocational-technical institutes, and community and junior colleges. Career Paths With experience, medical secretaries can advance to supervisory and management positions. With further education some can become medical records technicians. Nursing Aides, Orderlies & Attendants Nursing Aides, Orderlies and Attendants perform a variety of duties for the injured or disabled in hospitals and nursing homes. In general, they feed, dress and bathe patients; serve meals; and answer patients' bed calls. May take blood pressures and temperatures and observe and record patients' physical, mental and emotional conditions. Includes hospital attendants, geriatric aides and mental health assistants. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 35.6% 41,790 14,890 8,010 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for nursing aides, orderlies and attendants will continue to be plentiful as the number of long term care facilities expands to care for a rapidly growing elderly population. Modern medical technology is saving more lives and extending life and increases the need to provide extended medical care. Where Jobs are Currently Found Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (59%) Hospitals (23%) Government (5%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $10,000* *many nursing aides work part-time Education and Training Requirements On-the-job training is provided by most employers. However, some hospitals may require previous training and/or experience. Nursing homes also require aides to complete 75 hours of training and pass a competency evaluation test within four months of employment. Nurse aide training is available at high schools, vocational technical schools and community colleges. Courses cover body mechanics, nutrition, anatomy and physiology, infection control, and communication. Career Paths Nursing aides can advance with additional education and training. Some may become licensed practical nurses or assistants to occupational and physical therapists. Other workers who provide routine medical care include homemakers, home health aides, child care attendants and physical and occupational therapy aides. Occupational and Physical Therapy Assistants and Aides Occupational and Physical Therapy Assistants and Aides carry out rehabilitation programs under the direction of a therapist. Occupational therapy assistants teach patients self-care and related work skills. Physical therapy assistants apply massage, heat, light and ultra-sound treatments to improve and restore muscle function. They help patients perform therapeutic exercises and teach them how to use artificial limbs, braces, etc. May also instruct, motivate and assist patients. Aides help assistants transport patients to treatment areas, prepare treatments and work materials, maintain and care for equipment, and perform many other clerical assignments. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 40.5% 2,220 900 280 Factors Driving the Growth With more people living longer, the number of people needing treatments for disabilities should rise. These factors should increase the demand for occupational and physical therapy aides and assistants. Where Jobs are Currently Found Hospitals (32%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (19%) Offices and Clinics of Medical Doctors (19%) Job Training and Related Service Firms (14%) Medical Labs & Other Health Centers (10%) Wages and Salaries Median Hourly Wages: $9.60 Occupational Therapy Assistants and Aides $9.80 Physical Therapy Assistants and Aides *Source: D.E.T. These wages exclude hospitals Education and Training Requirements Occupational and physical therapy assistants must be licensed and pass an examination. Two-year degree programs in physical and occupational therapy are offered at junior and community colleges. Aides must be high school graduates or the equivalent. On-the-job training is provided. Career Paths With further education, occupational and physical therapy aides and assistants can become therapists. Other workers who assist people with disabilities include medical and dental assistants, home health aides, and nursing aides. Occupational Therapists Occupational Therapists help people who have physical, emotional or mental disabilities to become self-sufficient. Develop and design activities to increase strength and dexterity, hand-eye coordination, and short-term memory. Chart and evaluate patients' progress. May work exclusively with individuals of a particular age group or disability. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 41.3% 1,430 590 440 Factors Driving the Growth Rehabilitation programs and other long-term care services are expected to increase rapidly during the 1990s as the population ages and lives longer. More occupational therapists will also be needed to treat special needs children in schools. Hospitals will continue to employ the largest number of occupational therapists, but jobs should also be found in home health care, rehabilitation programs and outpatient clinics. Where Jobs are Currently Found Hospitals (48%) Medical Labs & Other Medical Centers (15%) Individual and Family Service Agencies (13%) Job Training and Related Service Firms (9%) Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (5%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (4%) Self-Employed (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $22,000 Education and Training Requirements Occupational therapists must be licensed. Applicants for licensure must have a bachelor's degree in occupational therapy and pass a national certifying exam. Career Paths Other workers who help people perform daily living skills include orthotists, prosthetists, art therapists, physical therapists, speech pathologists, and audiologists. Pharmacists Pharmacists dispense drugs and medicines prescribed by physicians and dentists, and advise patients on how to use prescription and nonprescription drugs. May prepare and evaluate medicines and monitor patient compliance with the doctor's instructions. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 15.7% 4,660 730 1,450 Factors Driving the Growth Projected rapid growth in the number of elderly who, on average, are twice as likely to use prescription drugs as younger people, should increase demand for pharmacists. Where Jobs are Currently Found Drug Stores and Proprietary Stores (61%) Hospitals (24%) Self-Employed (7%) Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (4%) Federal Government (2%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (2%) Wages and Salaries Average: $35,000 Education and Training Requirements Pharmacists must be licensed. In Massachusetts one must graduate from an accredited college of pharmacy, pass a national written exam and complete a 1,500 hour internship under a licensed pharmacist. Continuing education is essential for license renewal. Career Paths As pharmacists gain experience they may become promoted to store manager or chief pharmacist. Some may start their own businesses. Pharmacists in industry may advance in management, sales, research, quality control, advertising, production, packaging, and other areas. Other workers who compound ingredients to form products include scientists, chemists, and pharmacologists. Physical Therapists Physical Therapists help people who are injured or suffering from a disease improve their mobility. They test and measure physical abilities and develop treatment plans. May conduct periodic re- evaluations and modify treatments if necessary. May employ massage, water or electronic therapies. Some specialize in pediatrics, geriatrics, orthopedics, sports physical therapy, neurology, and cardiopulmonary physical therapy. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 51.8% 3,610 1,870 1,110 Factors Driving the Growth Employment of physical therapists is expected to grow as new medical technologies permit more disabling conditions to be treated. An aging population will also be a factor. Future medical developments will also permit a higher percentage of trauma victims to survive, creating additional demand for physical therapists. Where Jobs are Currently Found Hospitals (37%) Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (22%) Medical Labs & Other Centers (19%) Self-Employed (15%) Individual and Family Service Agencies (4%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (3%) Wages and Salaries Average Annual Earnings: $22,760 Education and Training Requirements Physical therapists must be licensed. Applicants must graduate from an accredited physical therapy program and pass a licensure exam. Competition is keen for entry into physical therapy programs. High school courses in anatomy, biology, chemistry, social science, mathematics, and physics are useful for admission. Volunteer work in a physical therapy department is also useful. Career Paths Other workers who rehabilitate people with physical disabilities include occupational therapists, speech pathologists and audiologists, orthotists, prosthetists, respiratory therapists, chiropractors, acupuncturists, and athletic trainers. Physicians & Surgeons Physicians and Surgeons perform medical exams, diagnose illnesses, and treat people suffering from injury or disease. Also advise patients on how to prevent sickness and stay healthy. Most specialize in one area of medicine. Some do research or teach in medical school. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 24.8% 17,460 4,330 5,760 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for medical care increases sharply the older people become. As the population ages and new technologies are introduced more physicians will be needed to treat medical conditions and perform diagnostic procedures. Where Jobs are Currently Found Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (40%) Hospitals (31%) Self-Employed (20%) Federal Government (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $66,000 Education and Training Requirements Physicians and surgeons must be licensed. Applicants for licensure must graduate from an accredited undergraduate institution, successfully complete medical school, and complete one to two years of graduate medical education (residency) before taking the national exam. Physicians seeking certification in other specialties may have longer residencies. Career Paths Other professionals who treat and diagnose disorders and injuries include audiologists, chiropractors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists, speech pathologists, and veterinarians. Radiologic Technicians & Technologists Radiologic Technicians and Technologists take X-rays, CAT-scans and use other electronic imaging techniques to treat and diagnose medical problems. May administer radiation treatments. Specialties include radiographers, sonographers or ultra-sound technologists and radiation therapy technologists. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 60.6% 6,350 3,850 1,520 Factors Driving the Growth New generations of diagnostic imaging equipment are expected to be widely used in the coming decade. As the population ages, there will be increasing demand for more tests. As a result jobs for radiologic technicians and technologists should soar. Where Jobs are Currently Found Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (51%) Hospitals (42%) Medical Labs & Other Centers (6%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $23,000 Education and Training Requirements X-ray technicians and radiologic technologists must be licensed. Formal training is available at hospitals and junior and community colleges. High school courses in math, physics, chemistry and biology are helpful for admission. Career Paths Experienced radiographers advance by performing more complex tests. With experience, technologists can advance to positions as supervisors or chief technologists. Courses in business or a master's degree in health administration may be necessary for a position as a director or instructor. Radiologic technicians and technologists have many career paths open to them. Their training may enable some to take jobs with equipment manufacturers as sales representatives or instructors. Registered Nurses Registered Nurses observe and record patient symptoms, reactions, and progress. They assist physicians during treatments and examinations, administer medications and may supervise licensed practical nurses and aides. Registered nurses may specialize in surgery, maternity, pediatrics, emergency, intensive care, or treatment of cancer patients or may rotate among departments. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 31.7% 56,610 17,960 12,090 Factors Driving the Growth Technological advances in patient care will permit a greater number of medical problems to be treated. These advancements will likely increase the intensity of nursing care, requiring more nurses per patient. Employment should also grow as the population ages and the need for health care in general expands. Where Jobs are Currently Found Hospitals (64%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (8%) Medical Labs & Other Centers (7%) Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (6%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (3%) Federal Government (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: Information not available Education and Training Requirements Registered nurses must graduate from an accredited nursing program and obtain a license to practice. Nursing programs vary in length and promotional opportunities depend on the program. Two year associate degree nursing programs (A.D.N.) are offered at community and junior colleges. Diploma programs in hospitals generally take two to three years. Bachelor of science nursing (B.S.N.) programs offered by colleges and universities generally take four or five years to complete. All three programs qualify the licensed graduate as a staff nurse. However, advancement opportunities are better for B.S.N. graduates than other graduates. The B.S.N. is also a prerequisite for admission into graduate nursing programs. Career Paths With experience and good performance, registered nurses with a B.S.N. can advance to supervisory or administrative positions in hospitals, home health care and community nursing. Experienced nurses with an A.D.N. can advance to become nursing home directors. In general, however, management level nursing positions require a graduate degree in nursing or health service administration. Respiratory Therapists Respiratory Therapists evaluate, treat, and care for patients who have breathing disorders. They test and measure lung capacity, analyze oxygen levels, and set up and operate equipment. May also instruct patients in breathing exercises and use of respiratory aides. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 35.8% 1,650 590 510 Factor Driving the Growth The number of people with cardiopulmonary problems will continue to rise as the population ages. Therefore, demand for respiratory therapists should surge. Very rapid growth is expected in home health agencies and equipment rental companies. Where Jobs are Currently Found Hospitals (93%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $27,590 Education and Training Requirements Respiratory therapists must be licensed. Applicants for licensure must have a bachelor or associate degree and pass a national certifying exam. Two-year degree programs available at vocational technical institutions and junior or community colleges prepare students for jobs as respiratory therapy technicians. Career Paths Respiratory therapists advance by handling more critical care patients. With experience some may advance to supervisory or managerial positions. Their training may also prepare them for work as sales representatives or equipment designers for manufacturers. ---------- Marketing, Communications, Purchasing and Distribution Artists and Designers Artists and Designers arrange print, type, color, or other objects to create the most functional and appealing designs for print reproduction or visual display. Some create packaging and promotional displays for new products and reports or design logos for a new product or business. May also assist with layout. Includes industrial designers, interior designers, product designers, floral designers, lay-out artists, graphic artists, and medical and scientific illustrators. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 20.0% 13,370 2,680 3,120 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for artists and designers will be strong as companies continue to emphasize visual appeal in product design, advertising, and marketing. Increasing competition should also stimulate demand for industrial designers. Population growth and rising personal incomes should spur demand for interior and floral designers to improve living and working spaces. Competition for jobs in this field is keen. Where Jobs are Currently Found Self-Employed (41%) Florists (10%) Engineering Management Firms (7%) Advertising and Reproduction Firms (7%) Printing and Publishing Firms (7%) Wholesalers (5%) Furniture and Home Furnishing Stores (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $12,000 (Painters, Sculptors, Craft Artists and Artist Printmakers) $19,750 (Designers) *Many artists and designers work part-time. Wages can also vary substantially with the experience and reputation of the artist. Education and Training Basic training in art or design is required. Familiarity with computer design techniques is also sought. However, the amount of education and training varies widely by discipline. Interior designers generally require a college degree. Formal training in visual art or design is offered at two- and three-year professional schools. Colleges and universities offer the fine arts degree. Floral design courses are found in trade and technical schools. Career Paths Beginning designers usually receive on-the-job training before advancing to higher levels. Experienced designers in large advertising firms may advance to chief designer or some other supervisory positions. Some may start their own firms. Other workers who design or arrange objects include landscape architects, photographers, and merchandise displayers. Cashiers Cashiers receive money, make change, fill out charge forms, and give receipts. Must know store policy and procedures for accepting checks and charging. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 18.0% 65,540 11,820 30,150 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for cashiers will be numerous as the demand for goods and services expands to meet the needs of a growing population. In addition to increased demand, thousands of openings will result from the need to replace experienced workers who transfer to other jobs. Where Jobs are Currently Found Food Stores (38%) Drug and Sporting Goods Stores and Other Misc. Retail Stores (16%) Eating and Drinking Places (9%) General Merchandise Stores (8%) Movie Theaters (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $3,150* *many cashiers work on a seasonal or part-time basis Employment & Training Requirements Cashier jobs require little or no experience. However, employers prefer applicants with high school diplomas. On-the-job training is provided. Career Paths Cashier jobs are usually entry level positions. They offer good opportunities for part-time work and the chance to learn an employer's business. They serve as a stepping stone to more responsible positions. With more experience some may advance to head cashier or cash office clerk. Insurance Agents and Buyers Insurance Agents and Brokers sell insurance policies to companies and individuals to protect them against financial loss. They prepare reports and analyses, help policy holders select the best type of coverage, and assist them in settling claims. May sell one or more types of insurance such as life, property/casualty, health, disability and long-term care. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 12.0% 11,000 1,320 3,920 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for agents and brokers should expand as the population increases and more people seek insurance protection for their homes, cars and other valuables. Growing demand from businesses to protect property and equipment and pension benefits should spur institutional insurance sales, while the interest in long term health care insurance should spur growth from individual purchases. Where Jobs are Currently Found Insurance Companies (50%) Insurance Agents and Brokers (28%) Self-Employed (21%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $27,630 Education and Training Most companies prefer college graduates with majors in business or economics, or workers with previous sales experience. Agents and brokers must be licensed. To obtain a license candidates must complete specified courses and pass written exams covering insurance fundamentals and state laws. Companies usually provide training. Individuals must be enthusiastic, outgoing, self- confident, disciplined, hard working and able to communicate effectively. Career Paths Beginning insurance agents start out as trainees. As they gain experience and a substantial client base they may become sales managers or supervisors. Other may move into executive and management positions. Other workers who sell financial products include real estate agents and brokers and financial securities representatives. Interview Clerks Interview Clerks contact people by phone, mail or in-person to obtain, verify, and process information. They may review, classify and sort responses to questions. Includes hospital admitting clerks and survey telemarketing representatives. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 28.9% 2,630 760 930 Factors Driving the Growth More organizations are expected to rely on market research to increase their knowledge of consumer preferences and improve their market share. Hospitals are also expected to hire more admitting clerks to handle the growing number of patients. Where Jobs are Currently Found Hospitals (17%) Computer Software and Data Processing Services (10%) Federal Government (9%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $7,500* *Many interview clerks work part-time Education and Training A high school diploma or its equivalent is generally required, in addition to familiarity with computers. Because interview clerks deal with the public, employers also look for good interpersonal skills. On-the-job training is provided. Career Paths Interview clerks advance with more education and experience. With exceptional interpersonal skills, some can become supervisors or office managers. A college degree, however, is generally required for more responsible positions. Other workers who interview people to obtain information include credit checkers and authorizers and new accounts clerks. Marketing, Advertising and Public Relations Mangers Marketing, Advertising and Public Relations Managers formulate marketing policies, direct sales activities, and plan, organize and direct advertising and public relations activities for departments, an entire organization, or individual clients. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 37.9% 15,870 6,010 4,610 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for marketing, advertising, and public relations managers should increase rapidly during the 1990s. As competition increases as the number of products and services continues to grow, more promotional and marketing efforts will be required. Competition for many jobs will remain keen due to the high number of experienced professional and technical personnel already in the field. Where Jobs are Currently Found Finance Insurance and Real Estate Firms (8%) Computer Software and Data Processing Firms (8%) Computer Equipment Manufacturers (7%) Department Stores and Automobile Dealers (7%) Instrument Manufacturers (5%) Printing & Publishing Firms (5%) Management & Public Relations Firms (5%) Colleges and Universities and Other Schools (4%) Research and Testing Labs (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $41,000 Education and Training Employers look for highly experienced workers who have a bachelor's or master's degree in business or administration and the ability to motivate and communicate persuasively both orally and in writing. Flexibility and decisiveness are both preferred, as is the ability to handle stress. Career Paths With experience, well-trained, successful managers can become top executives within the firm or start their own businesses. Other workers who are involved with marketing, advertising and public relations activities include commercial and graphic artists, copy writers, market research analysts, and sales representatives. Property and Real Estate Managers Property and Real Estate Managers oversee the profitability of commercial and residential properties. They plan and direct the purchase, development and disposal of real estate for business, negotiate contracts for repairs and other services, determine rental rates, prepare rental agreements, collect payments and fees, and handle tenant relations. May also be responsible for operation of other facilities such as swimming pools, golf courses, community recreation centers, and the maintenance of landscaping and parking lots. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 25.8% 4,720 1,220 930 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for property and real estate managers should expand rapidly as rental housing increases. Community or homeowner associations increasingly are also turning over the management and repair of their facilities to a professional manager. Where Jobs are Currently Found Real Estate (59%) Self-Employed (34%) Security & Commodity Brokers (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $26,000 Education and Training Most companies and associations prefer to hire college graduates with a degree in business administration, finance, real estate, or public administration. Good speaking and writing skills and an ability to deal effectively with people are vital. Previous experience as a real estate agent is also an asset. Career Paths Property and real estate managers advance by managing larger properties and handling increasingly more complex responsibilities. With several years of experience performing a variety of management tasks, some can start their own property management or real estate firms. Purchasing Agents and Wholesale and Retail Buyers Purchasing Agents and Wholesale and Retail Buyers purchase supplies, goods and other materials for company use or public consumption. Determine which products to sell and buy, the quantity to order, distribution and marketability. May specialize in a particular product line and negotiate and supervise supplier contracts. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 14.6% 9,620 1,400 2,450 Factors Driving the Growth Employment of purchasing agents and wholesale and retail buyers is to a large extent determined by overall economic growth. As the population and work force increase, the economy expands,increasing the number of new firms. This in turn increases the demand for purchasing agents and wholesale and retail buyers. Most corporate purchasing is becoming centralized and conducted on a long-term basis. This change in business practices has increased the importance of companies' buying decisions and is expected to increase the demand for purchasing agents. As wholesale and retail industries restructure, demand for wholesale and retail buyers should expand more slowly than jobs for purchasing agents. Nevertheless, new jobs should occur, and prospects should be best for those with previous experience. Where Jobs are Currently Found Purchasing Agents Federal Government (14%) Instrument Manufacturers (11%) Electronic and Electrical Equipment Manufacturers (10%) Computer Equipment Manufacturers (6%) Transportation Equipment Manufacturers (6%) Hospitals (3%) Engineering & Management Consulting Firms (3%) Wholesale and Retail Buyers Wholesalers (36%) Sporting Goods, Drug and other Misc. Retail Stores (14%) Apparel and Accessories Stores (13%) Self-Employed (11%) Food Stores (10%) General Merchandise Stores (8%) Building Materials & Garden Supplies (4%) Furniture and Home Furnishings Stores (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $22,880 (Buyers, Wholesale-Retail Trades) $25,000 (Purchasing Agents & Buyers) Education and Training Most companies prefer and require a college degree. Strong analytical and communication skills are also helpful in making decisions quickly and accurately. Job applicants should like to work independently as well as part of a team, have good judgment and be resourceful. Keeping abreast of the latest economic and demographic trends is also helpful for advancement. Career Paths Purchasing agents can advance with experience to head the purchasing department or other top posts within the company. Wholesale and retail buyers usually start as assistant buyers and with experience become merchandise managers. Some may go on to become company vice presidents. Receptionists Receptionists greet and offer assistance to visitors and customers. They register clients and visitors, arrange for building escorts and monitor building activities. Additional duties may include telephone answering, typing, filing, and other general office tasks. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 39.0% 20,490 7,990 3,960 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for these important individuals is unlikely to be affected by office automation. Their contact with the public promotes good corporate relations. As businesses continue to expand, demand for receptionists should increase rapidly. Job turnover is high in this occupation and thousands of additional openings should result from replacement needs. Where Jobs are Currently Found Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (23%) Wholesalers (6%) Beauty Salons (5%) Personnel Agencies (5%) Hospitals (5%) Law Firms(4%) Real Estate Firms (3%) Membership Organizations (3%) College & Universities & other Educational Institutions (3%) Management, Consulting & Public Relations Firms (2%) Insurance Agents & Brokers (2%) Banks (2%) Medical Labs and Other Health Centers (2%) Sports Clubs & Other Recreational Facilities (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $7,530* *many receptionists work part-time Education and Training Requirements A high school diploma or its equivalent usually is required. A good speaking voice and pleasant personality are also essential. Companies provide on-the-job training. Career Paths With experience, receptionists can advance to secretary, administrative assistant or bookkeeper. With more education some may join management ranks. Other occupations that deal with the public include customer service representatives, telephone operators and dental assistants. Retail Trade Sales Workers Retail Trade Sales Workers assist customers in the selection and purchase of merchandise. They may sell goods, make out sales receipts, receive payments, make change, and take inventory. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 18.5% 90,850 16,810 39,330 Factors Driving the Growth As competition increases stores will strive to achieve better customer service and satisfaction. This change in business practices should increase the hiring of retail sales workers. In addition to increased demand, thousands of job openings will be created as sales workers transfer to other occupations. Where Jobs are Currently Found Apparel and Accessories Stores (21%) Sporting Goods Stores and Other Miscellaneous Retail Stores (21%) General Merchandise Stores (18%) Food Stores (10%) Furniture & Home Furnishings Stores (7%) Auto Dealers & Service Stations (5%) Wholesalers (5%) Building Materials & Garden Supplies (5%) Self-Employed (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings*: $22,000 (Motor Vehicles and Boats) $20,000 (Parts) $16,500 (Radio TV-Appliances) $15,000 (Hardware-Building Supplies) $10,140 (Furniture-Home Furnishings) $4,600 (Shoe Sales Worker) $3,700 (Apparel Sales Worker) *Many retail sales representatives work part-time Education and Training Requirements No education or training is required for most jobs selling standard articles such as food and housewares. However, special knowledge or education may be required for some sales positions, particularly those selling expensive items such as computers and cars. Tact, patience, and the ability to communicate clearly are essential to success. Career Paths With experience and seniority salespersons can move into positions of greater responsibility. With more education, some may move into management positions and become assistant buyers or management trainees. Securities and Financial Sales Representatives Securities and Financial Sales Representatives help companies and individuals invest their money. They offer financial counseling, compile portfolios and buy and sell stocks and bonds upon customer requests. May specialize in serving individual or institutional investors. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 38.4% 7,530 2,890 1,250 Factors Driving the Growth Rising personal incomes and economic growth will encourage more people to invest their money through the services of securities and financial sales representatives. More companies are also expected to use financial service representatives to invest workers' pension plans and company profits. Competition will continue to be keen in large firms. Job opportunities should be better for aggressive, hard-working individuals. Where Jobs are Currently Found Security & Commodity Brokers (66%) Self-Employed (20%) Banks (10%) Credit and Mortgage Lending Institutions (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $30,000 Education and Training Most employers prefer college graduates or job applicants with previous sales experience in real estate or insurance. Securities sales workers must be licensed by the National Association of Securities Dealers and registered with the Massachusetts Secretary of State's Securities Division. Desire to succeed and the ability to communicate effectively are essential. Career Paths Junior securities and financial sales representatives usually work under the direction of more experienced representatives, servicing the accounts of individual investors. With experience, some highly successful representatives can become branch office managers or supervisors. With highly successful sales records, some can advance to top management positions or become partners. Other sales workers who have specialized knowledge include real estate agents, insurance sales agents, and travel agents. Stock Clerks Stock Clerks receive, unpack, check and keep track of merchandise or materials in wholesale and retail establishments. May bring merchandise to sales floor and stock shelves and racks. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Jobs 10.7% 37,740 4,050 14,630 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for stock clerks should increase more slowly in the years ahead as factory automation increases. Nevertheless, thousands of job opportunities should result to replace workers who retire or transfer to other jobs. Where Jobs are Currently Found Food Stores (51%) General Merchandise Stores (22%) Drug Stores, Sporting Goods and Other Miscellaneous Retail Stores (11%) Apparel and Accessories Stores (8%) Wholesalers (5%) Building Materials & Garden Supply Stores (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $13,000 Education and Training Employers prefer to hire high school graduates who have taken business courses. Familiarity with personal computers is an asset. On-the-job training is provided. Career Paths Advancement opportunities for stock clerks vary. In large companies some stock clerks with experience may be promoted to invoice clerk, stock control clerk or procurement clerk. With additional training and education some can become warehouse managers or purchasing agents. Writers and Editors Writers and Editors interpret, analyze, and report facts and events for their readers. Editors supervise writers as well as select and prepare written material for publication. Technical writers specialize in making complex information understandable to the reader, and may prepare manuals, operating instructions, sales promotions and proposals, and edit technical reports. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 26.5% 8,910 2,360 2,100 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for writers and editors, particularly technical writers, should increase faster than average as the amount of scientific and technical information grows. However, competition for writers will continue to be keen given the large numbers of people attracted to this occupation. Where Jobs are Currently Found Self-Employed (28%) Computer and Data Processing Firms (11%) Newspapers (11%) Book Publishers (6%) Computer Equipment Manufacturers(4%) Research and Testing Labs (4%) Colleges and Universities (4%) Management, Consulting and Public Relations Firms (3%) Instrument Manufacturers (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $8,150* (Authors) $30,500 (Technical Writers) *Many authors work part-time. Education and Training Most employers prefer a degree in communications, journalism, or English. Some may look for a broad liberal arts background or require a technical or specialized degree in business, engineering or one of the sciences. Perseverance, self-motivation, creativity and intellectual curiosity are also essential. Career Paths Beginning writers in larger firms generally do research, fact checking, or copy editing. In small companies, some writers have more responsibilities, writing or editing copy as editorial or production assistants. As writers gain experience they can advance to management positions as chief writers or editors. Some can become publications directors. ---------- Adult Education Teachers Adult Education Teachers instruct out of school youths and adults in self-improvement or nonvocational courses. These may include basic education, art, photography, music, stock market analysis, languages, automobile driving, and health and fitness. Courses are usually taken for enjoyment or enrichment, and do not lead to an occupational objective or a degree. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 35.2% 4,720 1,660 390 Factors Driving the Growth More adults are expected to take courses for career advancement or personal benefit. Increased awareness of the difficulty in finding a good job without basic academic skills should also advance demand for basic education teachers. Where Jobs are Currently Found Self-Employed (43%) Vocational Schools and Other Educational Services (16%) Job Training and Rehabilitation Centers (9%) Membership Organizations (7%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $10,000* *Many adult education teachers work part-time Education and Training Training requirements vary by subject area taught. In general, teachers must work or have work experience in their field and/or licenses or certificates where required. Adult education teachers should communicate well with students, and be patient, understanding and supportive. Career Paths With more experience, adult education teachers can advance to administrative positions within colleges and universities or corporate training departments. Child Care Workers Child Care Workers attend to childrens' needs in schools, businesses, and other organizations. They may feed and dress children, change diapers and clothing, provide games and other activities, and serve meals and snacks. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 37.0% 13,270 4,910 1,820 Factors Driving the Growth As more women return to work after childbirth, jobs for child care workers should expand rapidly. Increasingly, more parents are turning to formal, structured environments for their children over other kinds of child care. In many families, two incomes have become a necessity, and as more couples have children, they are expected to use child day care services. Where Jobs are Currently Found Self-Employed (58%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (18%) Residential Care Facilities (8%) Child Day Care Centers (5%) Membership Organizations (3%) Sports Clubs & Other Recreational Facilities (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings*: $6,250 (Family Child Care Providers) $4,000 (Early Childhood Teachers Assistants) $3,000 (Child Care Workers) *many child care attendants work part-time Education and Training Requirements for child care workers vary and range from a high school diploma, to college courses, to a bachelor's degree in childhood development or early childhood education. For entry level positions in Massachusetts, an individual must be at least 16 years old and possess a high school degree or the equivalent. For positions above this level formal education is required. For more information contact the Massachusetts Office for Children. Career Paths Child care workers can advance with more experience and education. With more courses or an associate degree some can become an assistant or lead teacher. With a bachelor's degree, child care workers can become teachers or program directors. Counselors Counselors assist students and other individuals with personal or educational problems. Their duties depend on the clients they serve. The field includes high school guidance counselors, career guidance counselors, marriage counselors, substance abuse counselors, and mental health counselors. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 24.9% 4,660 1,160 1,220 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for counselors should expand rapidly as school enrollments rise. Recent federal legislation requiring counselors in elementary schools should also spur demand. As the role of counselors expands to include crisis, prevention and substance abuse counseling, demand for counseling should also increase. Replacement needs should also rise substantially as counselors retire. Where Jobs are Currently Found Elementary and Secondary Schools (42%) State Government (16%) Job Training and Rehabilitation Centers (15%) Colleges and Universities (14%) Individual and Family Service Agencies (5%) Residential Care Facilities (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $23,000 Education and Training Counselors usually have a master's degree in college student affairs, elementary and secondary school counseling, career or marriage counseling, or a related field. School counselors must also hold a teaching certificate. Career Paths Prospects for advancement vary by field. With experience, school counselors can advance to larger school systems or become a director or supervisor of counseling services. With further education some counselors can become educators, psychologists or school administrators. Human Service Workers Human Service Workers assist social workers in group homes, halfway houses, community mental health centers, and other social service agencies. Organize and lead group activities, drive and accompany clients to doctors' offices and other appointments, and keep and record written progress reports. In some cases, may help clients obtain social and community services. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 52.4% 10,470 5,490 1,400 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for human service workers should grow rapidly as more programs are developed to assist battered women, alcoholics, drug abusers, and the mentally impaired. In addition, thousands of jobs should result to replace those workers who transfer to another occupation. Where Jobs are Currently Found Individual and Family Social Service Agencies (41%) Residential Care Facilities (28%) Outpatient Rehabilitation Centers (12%) State Government (8%) Job Training and Related Service Agencies (5%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $18,000* *Source: D.E.T. Education and Training Most employers require college courses in human services, social work, psychology, or one of the behavioral sciences. Volunteer work is also helpful. Certificate and associate degree programs in social work or mental health are offered at community and junior colleges, vocational-technical institutes and other post-secondary schools. Patience, understanding, and a strong desire to help others are essential for work in this field. Orientation is provided. Career Paths Human service workers can advance with a bachelor's or master's degree in counseling, rehabilitation, social work or related field. Other workers who assist include occupational and physical therapy assistants and aides, psychiatric aides, community outreach workers, social workers and religious workers. Preschool, Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers Preschool, Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers introduce children to numbers, language, science and social studies in public or private schools. They prepare lessons and games, hold parent/teacher conferences, and supervise after school activities. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 17.0% 39,140 6,650 9,020 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for preschool, kindergarten and elementary school teachers should increase as the school age population grows and class sizes decline. Large numbers of jobs should also result from the need to replace teachers who retire. Where Jobs are Currently Found Elementary and Secondary Schools (81%) Child Day Care Centers (13%) Individual & Family Social Service Agencies (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $8,000 (Prekindergarten and Kindergarten Teachers) $25,060 Elementary Teachers Education and Training Teachers must be certified. Requirements for certification include a bachelor's degree and completion of an approved teacher training program with a prescribed number of education credits. Career Paths Preschool, kindergarten and elementary school teachers with experience can advance to administrative positions in schools and other organizations. Other workers who teach and motivate others include employment development specialists, employment interviewers, librarians, social workers, and counselors. Psychologists Psychologists study human behavior to help people deal with the problems of everyday living. Some may do market research, conduct training programs, or design and evaluate educational programs. A large majority, however, provide direct counseling to individuals. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 48.1% 5,160 2,480 530 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for psychologists should increase rapidly as more programs are developed to handle the problems of alcohol abuse, drug dependency, domestic violence, divorce and other issues. Demand should also rise from the need to study the effects of technology on society and improve and maintain the mental health of the growing elderly population. Where Jobs are Currently Found Self-Employed (35%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (19%) Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (17%) Hospitals (12%) Individual and Family Social Service Agencies (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $25,000 Education and Training Psychologists must possess a doctoral degree. A license is also required for counseling positions. A master's degree in psychology is suitable to work as a psychological assistant, administering and interpreting tests. However, competition for these jobs is keen. Bachelor degree holders can assist mental health professionals, but advancement is limited with this degree. Psychologists must be emotionally stable, mature, sensitive and compassionate. Career Paths Other workers who evaluate, counsel and advise people include psychiatrists, social workers, special education teachers, and counselors. Secondary School Teachers Secondary School Teachers instruct students in public or private schools one or more subjects such as English, mathematics, or social studies. They may also design lesson plans, choose and evaluate textbooks, attend conferences, and organize science fairs. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 20.6% 30,850 6,360 9,570 Factors Driving the Growth As the number of 14 to 17 year olds increases throughout the 1990s demand for secondary school teachers should correspondingly rise. Renewed emphasis on learning and teaching should also reduce class sizes, thus increasing the demand for teachers. Thousands of jobs may also result as large numbers of teachers retire. Where Jobs are Currently Found Elementary and Secondary Schools (99%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $28,450 (Secondary School Teachers) Education and Training Teachers must be certified in public schools and continually upgrade their skills to incorporate the latest technology and curricula in the classroom. Career Paths Secondary school teachers with experience and further education can advance to administrative positions and become principals or regional school superintendents. Other workers who influence, motivate and train others include personnel specialists, employee trainers, librarians, and public relations representatives. Social Workers Social Workers counsel and aid people coping with problems such as alcoholism, drug addiction, divorce, domestic violence, child abuse and homelessness. Provide referral services for treatment, public assistance and other programs. Verify eligibility requirements, complete required forms, arrange for services and follow-up to ensure services are provided. May specialize in child welfare and family services, mental health, medical, clinical, school, or community social work. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 24.6% 16,700 4,100 2,240 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for social workers should expand rapidly as the number of older people grows rapidly. Jobs should be especially strong in home health agencies that arrange for services to the elderly. Increased services to the mentally retarded and people in crisis should also swell demand. Thousands of jobs should also become available to replace social workers who retire or transfer to other jobs. Where Jobs are Currently Found State Government (27%) Individual and Family Services (19%) Hospitals (12%) Medical Labs & Other Centers (9%) Residential Care Facilities (9%) Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors (8%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (5%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $21,000 Education and Training A bachelor's degree is suitable for some entry level positions. A master's degree is generally required for positions in hospitals, mental health centers, schools, and other health settings. A state license (LICSW) is also necessary for private practice. Social workers must be emotionally mature, objective and sensitive to people and their problems. Career Paths With experience, social workers can advance to supervisory positions, become program managers, assistant directors or directors. Other workers who provide counseling services include psychologists and guidance counselors. Special Education Teachers Special Education Teachers instruct students who have a variety of mental or physical disabilities. They may teach basic elementary and secondary school subjects or life process skills. Teachers who specialize and work with audibly and visually handicapped students are also included. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 26.2% 9,620 2,520 1,060 Factors Driving the Growth Recent federal legislation emphasizing training and employment for individuals with disabilities should increase demand for special education teachers. This legislation combined with advances in technology that enable more people to survive accidents and other injuries should also spur demand. Where Jobs are Currently Found Elementary and Secondary Schools (98%) Vocational Schools and Other Educational Services (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $18,000 Education and Training Most special education teachers hold a master's degree, in addition to a teaching certificate. Career Paths Other workers who influence, motivate and teach or train others include employment counselors and trainers, personnel specialists, educational administrators and public relations specialists. Teacher Aides Teacher Aides perform many clerical and instructional tasks in classrooms to free teachers from non-teaching tasks. They may supervise students in the classroom, cafeteria, or school yard, record grades, set up equipment, and help prepare materials for instruction. They may also tutor and assist students with their lessons. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 21.2% 23,110 4,910 5,290 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for teacher aides should expand rapidly as school enrollments rise and early childhood programs expand. Renewed emphasis on education and learning should also stimulate job growth. Where Jobs are Currently Found Elementary and Secondary Schools (57%) Colleges and Universities (29%) Child Day Care Centers (10%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $5,400* *Many teacher aides work part-time Education and Training Most school systems prefer college training for aides who tutor or instruct children. For monitoring and supervisory positions, a high school education is required. A number of community colleges offer associate degree programs to prepare graduates for work as instructional aides. Aides must have good oral and written communications skills and be able to communicate effectively with both teachers and students. Career Paths Aides can advance with experience and additional education. Some who earn a bachelor's degree can become a certified teacher. Other workers who instruct people include library technicians and assistants. Vocational Education Teachers Vocational Education Teachers instruct vocational and/or occupational subjects to students who have graduated or left high school. Subjects may include business, secretarial science, data processing, trades, or practical nursing. The field also includes correspondence instructors, and industrial, commercial or government training instructors. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 23.0% 6,790 1,560 560 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for vocational education teachers should be plentiful as more people return to school to upgrade and improve their skills. Increased cooperation between business and educational institutions should also stimulate growth. Opportunities should be best in fast- growing fields such as computer training, medical technology, and automobile repair. Where Jobs are Currently Found Elementary and Secondary Schools (39%) Vocational Schools and Other Educational Services (16%) Job Training and Rehabilitation Centers (9%) Local Government (8%) State Government (8%) Individual and Family Social Service Agencies (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: Information not Available Education and Training Vocational education teachers must be certified and have work experience in their field. Career Paths With experience, vocational education teachers can advance to administrative positions within colleges and universities and other institutions. Other workers who influence, motivate and instruct others include public relations specialists, counselors, school administrators, and social workers. ---------- Bakers, Bread and Pastry Pastry Chefs and Bakers prepare pies, breads, cakes, rolls, and other pastries in restaurants, grocery stores, bakeries or other retail establishments. They mix ingredients, prepare doughs, determine quantities, and apply fillings and decorations. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 26.0% 4,500 1,170 1,350 Factors Driving the Growth Prepared baked goods are a convenience item for people who do not have the time to bake. As a result of the increased demand for these items, jobs for bakers should increase. Where Jobs are Currently Found Food Stores (66%) Eating and Drinking Places (25%) Self-Employed (3%) Wholesalers (2%) Hotels (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $12,000 Education and Training Employers prefer formal training or previous experience as a baker's assistant. Training is offered at post-high school vocational institutions, two or four year colleges, apprenticeship programs or professional culinary institutes. Career Paths Bakers acquire higher paying positions and new cooking skills by moving to jobs at different establishments. Others gradually advance to executive or management positions, particularly in hotels, clubs or larger, more elegant restaurants. Some can eventually start their own businesses. Chefs and Cooks Chefs and Cooks prepare meals in restaurants, hospitals, nursing homes and schools. They order food and supplies, plan menus, estimate portion quantities, and supervise other kitchen workers. Includes short-order cooks, sous chefs, specialty fast-food cooks, and institutional cooks. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 22.6% 36,170 8,200 16,000 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for chefs and cooks should expand as the economy grows, the population increases, and personal incomes rise. Busy two-wage earner families will continue to find dining out a convenience as more women enter the work force and return to work after childbirth. Restaurant cooks should have the largest number of opportunities. Where Jobs are Currently Found Eating and Drinking Places (71%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (6%) Hotels & Other Lodging Places (5%) Nursing & Personal Care Facilities (4%) Self-Employed (2%) Colleges and Universities (2%) Hospitals (2%) Food Stores (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $7,000* *Many fast food cooks work part-time Education and Training Employers prefer formal training and/or experience. Training is available at post-high school vocational programs, two or four year colleges, apprenticeship programs, or through professional culinary institutes. Career Paths Chefs and cooks usually advance by taking jobs at other restaurants. Moving from one establishment to another exposes chefs and cooks to other methods of operation. After several years of experience at different restaurants some chefs and cooks with good business skills can start their own catering business or restaurant. Food Preparation and Service Workers Food Preparation and Service Workers prepare and serve meals in restaurants, cafeterias, or delicatessens. They keep work areas clean, perform simple cooking tasks under the direction of a cook, take orders, serve the customer, and accept payment. May also make coffee and deliver and arrange food for business conferences and other occasions. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 19.8% 66,280 13,150 37,310 Factors Driving the Growth Growth in the number of restaurants, cafeterias and other eating and drinking establishments is primarily tied to increases in population and personal income. As Massachusetts' population grows and more new restaurants open, more food preparation and service workers will be needed. Job opportunities should be best in fast growing, moderately priced family dining establishments. Where Jobs are Currently Found Eating and Drinking Places (54%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (10%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (9%) Food Stores (9%) Hospitals (6%) Hotels & Other Lodging Places (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings*: $4,000 (Kitchen Workers & Food Preparers) $2,000 (Food Counter Workers) *Many food preparers and counter helpers work part-time Education and Training No previous training or work experience is required. However, employers prefer workers who are neat and clean, get along with others and work well under pressure during busy dining periods. Career Paths As food preparation and service workers gain experience some may move into supervisory positions or train other employees. With additional education some can become chefs or managers. Food Service and Lodging Managers Food Service and Lodging Managers oversee the day-to-day operations of restaurants, institutional food services, and hotels. They approve expenditures, determine pricing strategies, establish service standards, and monitor workers' job performances. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 21.6% 13,190 2,850 2,930 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for food service and lodging managers should expand rapidly as more people travel and eat meals away from home. Growth in the number of two-income families should make dining out more frequently an affordable convenience. Job opportunities should be best for graduates of two and four year programs. Where Jobs are Currently Found Eating and Drinking Places (40%) Self-Employed (35%) Hotels & Other Lodging Places (8%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (4%) Colleges and Universities (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $21,000 Education and Training Previous experience in restaurant, food service or hotel management is required for most jobs. A bachelor's degree in hotel, restaurant or food service management is accepted for many management trainee positions. Communication skills are also highly valued. Career Paths A willingness to relocate is essential for advancement, and employees in this profession should expect to be transferred to other locations from time to time. With experience, mangers can advance to larger establishments, or become regional managers of large hotel and restaurant chains. Some can even open their own restaurant or hotel. Hotel Desk Clerks Hotel Desk Clerks provide service to guests of the hotel. They register guests, assign rooms, answer telephone calls, and make or confirm reservations. May also read and route mail, handle complaints, and receive and deliver messages. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 33.8% 2,040 690 490 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for hotel desk clerks should expand rapidly as more people travel and the number of businesses grows. Business travel, the staple of the lodgings industry, should remain strong in a global economy. Other factors that should increase the volume of travel include rising personal incomes, more leisure time, and the trend toward flexible vacation policies that enable people to take trips more frequently. Where Jobs are Currently Found Hotels & Other Lodging Places (100%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $10,000 Education and Training Employers prefer high school graduates who can relate well to others and communicate effectively. Computer skills are also emphasized. On-the-job training is provided. Career Paths Hotel desk clerks can advance with experience and courses in hotel management. With a college degree in hotel and food service management, some hotel desk clerks can become management trainees. Other workers who deal with the public and provide information include customer service representatives, librarians, flight attendants, and receptionists. Reservation and Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks Reservation and Ticket Agents sell tickets for airline, bus and rail companies, and steamship lines. They verify departure and arrival times, confirm or change reservations, check-in baggage, announce boarding calls, and direct passengers to the proper boarding area. Travel clerks plan trips for automobile and other association members. They map out routes, identify points of interest along the route, and provide accommodation listings. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 19.2% 2,650 510 650 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for reservation agents should grow faster than average as more people travel. Business travel is the staple of the travel industry. As the economy expands and more business is conducted overseas, business travel should increase. Consumer spending on travel should also grow as the population increases, incomes rise, and leisure time increases. Competition for airline reservation jobs will remain keen. Where Jobs are Currently Found Air Transportation Companies (56%) Travel Agencies & Related Firms (24%) Automobile Assoc & other Membership Organizations (6%) Hotels & Other Lodging Places (5%) Amusement & Recreational Centers (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $17,000 Education and Training Most jobs for airline reservation and ticket agents require some college. Formal company training programs teach ticketing procedures and how to use the computer system to obtain information about schedules, seat availability and fares. Travel clerks learn their skills on-the-job. Regardless of the company, however, all employers prefer individuals who can relate well to others. Career Paths With experience, airline and other reservation ticket agents can advance to supervisory positions or become field sales agents. Other workers who assist the public and provide information include flight attendants, hotel desk clerks, and customer service representatives. Travel Agents Travel Agents arrange transportation, hotel accommodations, car rentals, and sightseeing tours for clients. May also inspect and rate hotels, restaurants and other resorts. May provide information on currency exchange rates, customs regulations, and local weather conditions for destinations. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 59.3% 3,370 2,000 1,310 Factors Driving the Growth In a global economy where more business is expected to be conducted overseas, corporate spending on travel should remain strong. Consumer spending on travel should also increase significantly as the economy expands and incomes rise. Increased leisure time and disposable income should result in increased demand for travel. Where Jobs Are Currently Found Travel Agencies (81%) Self-Employed (16%) Wages and Salaries Average for agents with one to five years of experience: $17,100; six to ten years $19,000* *Source: Institute for Certified Travel Agents, Wellesley, MA. Education and Training Most employers prefer formal or specialized training. Many day, evening and weekend courses in travel are available at vocational schools and adult education centers. Computer skills are essential, as are good selling techniques and the ability to gain the confidence of others. Career Paths With experience, travel agents can advance to supervisory positions or start their own businesses. Other workers that schedule and arrange activities include secretaries, tour guides, rental car agents, conference planners, and airline reservation agents. Waiters and Waitresses Waiters and Waitresses take customers' orders for food and drinks, prepare itemized bills, clear off tables, and take payments. May also oversee the activities of food service workers. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 13.4% 55,480 7,430 31,020 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for waiters and waitresses should be numerous as the economy expands, the population increases and personal incomes grow. In addition to increased demand, thousands of job openings will occur to replace those workers who transfer to other jobs. Where Jobs are Currently Found Eating and Drinking Places (84%) Hotels & Other Lodging Places (8%) Golf, Tennis & Other Amusement & Sports Clubs (3%) Food Stores (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $4,900* *Many waiters and waitresses work part-time Education and Training For most jobs, previous training or experience is not necessary. However, employers look for people who are neat and clean and can get along with others. Career Paths As waiters and waitresses gain experience they can advance to work in more expensive restaurants and hotels where table service standards and gratuities are higher. With experience some can become maitre d', dining room supervisors, or restaurant managers. Other workers who serve customers and make them feel at ease include flight attendants and tour guides. ---------- Automotive Body Repairers and Mechanics Automotive Body Repairers and Mechanics service and repair cars and vans. May straighten bent frames, remove dents, and replace worn parts. Automotive mechanics inspect, lubricate, calibrate and repair engines. May test-drive vehicles or use diagnostic equipment to locate problems. May specialize in automatic transmissions, brakes, tune-ups, radiators and air conditioning. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 17.5% 21,290 3,730 8,350 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for autobody repairers and mechanics should be plentiful due to population increases. More people keep their cars longer today, which also increases demand for repairers. Where Jobs are Currently Found Auto Dealers & Service Stations (38%) Auto Repair Shops (30%) Self-Employed (16%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $23,000 (Autobody Repairers) $22,000 (Auto Mechanics) Education and Training Because technology has greatly changed the materials, parts, and manufacturing of automobiles, most employers prefer to hire graduates of formal training programs. Automotive training programs are offered at high schools, vocational schools, and many community colleges. Knowledge of electronics is also increasingly desirable. Career Paths Beginners usually start as trainees, helpers, or lubrication specialists and with experience take on more difficult jobs. Mechanics and repairers with leadership abilities can advance to shop supervisor or service manager. Some may open their own independent repair shops. Others can work for insurance companies as repair service estimators or autobody appraisers. Building Custodians Building Custodians keep offices, buildings, hospitals, stores and apartment complexes clean and in good repair. Their duties may include fixing leaking faucets, emptying trash, replenishing bathroom supplies, vacuuming, mowing lawns, checking heating and air conditioning equipment, and performing minor repairs. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 11.8% 67,880 8,000 17,940 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for building custodians and janitors and cleaners should remain plentiful. As the economy grows and new businesses are started, jobs for building custodians increase as well. Thousands of jobs should also become available to replace those workers who transfer to another job or retire. New technology should not affect building custodians' employment. Where Jobs are Currently Found Building Service Companies (26%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (12%) Hospitals (9%) Hotels & Other Lodging Places (8%) Colleges and Universities (8%) Self-Employed (6%) Real Estate (5%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $9,325 Education and Training No special training is required for most jobs. However, employers usually look for hard-working people who are dependable, work well with others, and follow directions. High school shop courses are helpful for jobs that involve repairs. Career Paths With more experience and education, building custodians can advance to supervisory positions or become skilled trades workers. Other workers who have duties similar to building custodians include gardeners and groundskeepers, refuse collectors, floor waxers, window cleaners, and pest controllers. Construction Managers Construction Managers direct, coordinate and oversee all phases of a construction project to keep it on schedule. They estimate costs, monitor progress, obtain permits and licenses, and enforce compliance with building codes and other regulations. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 30.1% 4,490 1,350 1,000 Factors Driving the Growth Advances in construction materials and methods will increase the complexity of building projects, generating the need for more highly skilled construction managers. For example, increases in the number of electronically operated "smart buildings," will compound the amount of planning involved in construction projects. As more buildings become energy efficient and computer driven or operated, demand for these managers should increase. Spending on highways, bridges, airports and water and sewage system improvements should also increase the demand for construction managers. Where Jobs are Currently Found Special Trade Contractors (35%) General Building Contractors (34%) Management Consulting Firms (9%) Heavy Construction Contractors (8%) Engineering Management Consulting Firms (4%) Colleges and Universities (4%) Local Government (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: Information not available Education and Training Most companies prefer to hire highly experienced contractors, cost estimators or engineers. College graduates with a degree in construction science are also sought, and are usually hired as assistants to project managers, field engineers, schedulers or cost estimators. Construction managers must be good communicators, decisive, flexible, and able to work in a fast-paced environment. Career Paths In large organizations, construction managers with experience can become top-level managers. Some can work for government agencies or international engineering firms as consultants. Some highly experienced construction managers with excellent business skills can start their own consulting companies. Other workers who oversee the development of construction projects include architects, civil engineers, and mechanical engineers. Construction Trades Helpers Construction Trades Helpers do much of the routine physical labor at building sites. They unload trucks, carry materials, dig ditches, erect scaffolds, clean up debris, and assist more experienced construction workers. Some may also assist in hazardous waste cleanups and asbestos removal. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 22.0% 6,640 1,460 3,570 Factors Driving the Growth Long-term job growth for construction trades helpers will be primarily tied to economic growth and public spending on infrastructure. As the population expands and new businesses are established, demand for offices and homes increases, creating jobs for construction trades workers and helpers. In addition to job growth, thousands of new jobs should result from the need to replace helpers who transfer to other jobs or retire. Where Jobs are Currently Found Special Trade Contractors (59%) Building Contractors (28%) Other Heavy Construction Contractors (5%) Utilities and Sanitary Service Companies (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: Information not available Education and Training No specialized training is required. However, employers look for people who are reliable, hard-working and safety conscious. On-the- job training is provided, particularly for workers who use hazardous equipment or toxic chemicals. Career Paths Construction trades helpers advance with more education and training. Other workers who perform physical work include gardeners and groundskeepers, automobile mechanics and repairers, and machine operators. Construction Trades Workers Construction Trades Workers build, alter, maintain and repair buildings, bridges, roads, and other similar projects. Includes carpenters, electricians, plumbers, painters, pipelayers and fitters, bricklayers, stone masons and other craft workers. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 22.4% 70,270 15,750 19,440 Total, Construction Workers 18.8% 17,490 3,290 4,320 (Carpenters) 23.3% 9,790 2,280 2,600 (Plumbers, Pipelayers, Pipefitters) 25.3% 7,740 1,960 2,150 (Painters, Paperhangers) 32.3% 9,700 3,120 2,970 (Electricians) Factors Driving the Growth Long-term job growth for construction trades workers should parallel overall economic growth. Jobs for electricians should grow the fastest as more energy saving devices are installed and electrical systems updated. In addition, thousands of jobs will arise to replace trades workers who retire. Where the Jobs are Currently Found Special Trades Contractors (34%) Self-Employed (18%) General Building Contractors (11%) Local Government (10%) Colleges and Universities (3%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $30,000 (Electricians) $28,000 (Plumbers & Pipefitters) $22,000 (Carpenters) $15,000 (Painters) Education and Training Most trades workers learn their trades either through on-the-job training or apprenticeship programs. Career Paths Most construction trades workers start by working as apprentices, taking on more difficult jobs to gain experience. Experienced trades workers can advance to positions as supervisors or cost estimators. Some with good business skills and leadership can start their own contracting businesses. Diesel Mechanics Diesel Mechanics repair, maintain and service diesel engines found in trucks, buses, bulldozers, cranes, tractors and other vehicles and equipment. May specialize in major engine repair, transmissions, electrical systems, brakes or suspensions. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 19.9% 3,920 780 1,530 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for diesel mechanics should increase about as fast as overall economic growth. Increases in the number of goods shipped by truck will spur growth in the trucking industry, which should also increase the demand for diesel mechanics. In addition, thousands of jobs will occur to replace workers who retire. Where Jobs are Currently Found Wholesalers (19%) Auto Repair Shops (19%) Trucking and Warehouse Companies (19%) Bus Companies (13%) Utilities and Sanitary Service Companies (5%) Local Government (4%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $28,000 Education and Training Most employers prefer to hire graduates of formal post-secondary training programs in diesel mechanics. However, for entry level jobs as helpers, employers prefer high school graduates with courses in automotive repair, electronics, mathematics and physics. Practical experience gained from working in gasoline service stations, the Armed forces or a hobby is also desirable. Career Paths With experience, diesel mechanics can become shop supervisors or service managers. Some may start their own repair shops. Others who have in-depth knowledge about engines can become sales representatives. Other workers who repair engines include aircraft mechanics, automotive mechanics, and boat engine mechanics. General Maintenance Repairers General Maintenance Repairers perform minor repairs in companies and schools where specialization is impractical. May fix and maintain machines and equipment, paint walls and windows, build partitions, install new equipment, and do routine preventive maintenance. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 18.5% 25,630 4,740 5,020 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for general maintenance workers should rise about as fast as overall economic growth. Most jobs should be found in schools, apartments, condominium associations, and real estate developers' offices. In addition, thousands of openings will arise to replace those workers who retire or transfer to other jobs. Where Jobs are Currently Found Real Estate Developers (14%) Wholesalers (7%) Amusement Centers & Recreation Clubs (7%) State Government (6%) Colleges and Universities (5%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (5%) Local Government (4%) Hospitals (3%) Self-Employed (3%) Nursing and Personal Care Facilities (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: Information not available Education and Training No formal training is required. However, employers prefer high school graduates with shop courses in mechanical drawing, electricity, woodworking, blueprint reading, science and mathematics. Career Paths In large organizations, general maintenance repairers with experience can advance to supervisory positions. Some with highly specialized experience and training can become plumbers, heating or air conditioning mechanics or electricians. Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanics Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanics install, maintain and repair central heating and cooling systems, oil burners, stoves, and air conditioners in homes and buildings. May specialize in installation or service. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 18.3% 6,160 1,160 1,050 Factors Driving the Growth Demand for heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration mechanics corresponds to increases in the population and economy. As the economy expands and the population grows, demand for new heating and cooling systems in homes and businesses rises, increasing the need for heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration mechanics. Growing concerns about the environment and energy use should also swell demand to upgrade and replace inefficient equipment, further stimulating job growth. Where Jobs are Currently Found Special Trade Contractors (29%) Retail Fuel Oil Dealers (21%) Self-Employed (13%) Repair Shops (11%) Colleges and Universities (5%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $29,000 Education and Training Because of the growing complexity of heating and cooling systems, most companies prefer to hire applicants with technical school or apprenticeship training. Some employers, however, will hire workers as helpers and teach them the trade. One-to-two year programs in heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration are offered at vocational and technical schools. Five year apprenticeship training programs combine on-the-job training with classroom instruction. Applicants for these programs must be at least 18 years old and have a high school diploma or GED. Career Paths With experience, some heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration mechanics can become supervisors or managers. Some with excellent managerial and business skills can start their own contracting businesses. ---------- Bus Drivers Bus Drivers transport passengers over specific routes according to established schedules. Collect fares, tickets or tokens and record receipts, number of trips made, and any mechanical problems encountered. Includes school bus drivers, local transit drivers, and tour bus drivers. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 22.0% 10,010 2,200 1,900 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for bus drivers should be numerous as elementary school enrollments rise and the number of elderly increases, requiring transportation services to activities, doctors' offices, etc. Where Jobs are Currently Found Bus Companies (78%) Elementary and Secondary Schools (13%) Social Service Agencies (6%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $9,000 Education and Training Most bus drivers transporting 16 or more passengers must obtain a commercial driver's license and be at least 18 years old with a good driving record. School bus drivers must also complete a certified training course taught by the Registry of Motor Vehicles. Career Paths Opportunities for promotion are generally limited. Some experienced bus drivers can become supervisors or dispatchers who assign buses to drivers, check whether drivers are on schedule, and reroute buses during storms and power failures. Corrections Officers Corrections Officers maintain order and enforce rules and regulations in prisons and other correctional institutions. Guard and transport inmates, monitor their activities, enforce discipline, inspect facilities, and keep written security logs. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 44.8% 3,910 1,750 680 Factors Driving the Growth Expansion of correctional facilities and increased concern about inmate overcrowding should stimulate demand for more corrections officers. Where Jobs are Currently Found State Government (68%) Local Government (32%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $28,000 Education and Training Corrections officers must be at least 18 years old and a have a high school diploma or equivalent. Post-secondary courses in psychology, criminology and related fields are also helpful, and essential for advancement. Career Paths With additional training and experience, corrections officers can advance to sergeant or other managerial or administrative positions. Some may enter the counseling profession. Gardeners and Groundskeepers Gardeners and Groundskeepers mow and rake lawns, trim shrubs and plant foliage on commercial or residential property. May also build retaining walls, install patios, and apply fertilizers and other chemicals to plants to encourage growth or prevent disease. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 34.5% 12,070 4,170 1,960 Factors Driving the Growth Property enhancements, particularly of nursing homes, shopping centers, offices and residences increase property values and improve air quality. Therefore, jobs for gardeners and groundskeepers will continue to grow rapidly to meet demand for these enhancements. Where Jobs are Currently Found Landscaping Contractors (37%) Self-Employed (16%) Local Government (10%) Real Estate Firms (9%) Golf Courses & Recreational Centers (8%) Colleges and Universities (6%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $7,000* *Many gardeners and groundskeepers work part-time during the winter months Education and Training No education or training is necessary. However, employers prefer self-motivated, highly responsible individuals with good driving records or experience driving a truck. Courses in plant biology, irrigation, turf grass management, and landscape design are helpful for advancement. Career Paths With experience, gardeners can become grounds managers or superintendents of a golf course, cemetery, campus, school system, hotel, resort, or nursing home. With additional education, some can become landscape contractors. Guards Guards patrol and protect property against fire, theft vandalism, and unauthorized entry. Additional duties may include traffic and crowd control and answering routine questions. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 19.0% 20,110 3,820 6,080 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for security guards will continue to be numerous. Increased concern about crime and vandalism has heightened the need for security in airports, train stations, courts, retail stores, private firms and convention and recreational centers. The growing use of computer surveillance equipment will enable guards to monitor grounds and equipment from a central location, but should not eliminate jobs. Guards will still be needed for foot or automobile patrols. Where Jobs are Currently Found Detective Agencies and Security Guard Firms (42%) Colleges and Universities (8%) Real Estate (7%) Hospitals (6%) Services to Buildings (4%) Eating and Drinking Places (3%) Hotels (2%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Earnings: $12,500* *Many guard work part-time Education and Training Most companies prefer to hire high school graduates who are in good health with excellent character references, and no criminal records. Some companies may require a driver's license. Career Paths Other jobs for workers who provide protection and security include police officers, corrections officers, and private investigators. Private Detectives and Investigators Private Detectives and Investigators examine the facts surrounding cases of theft, burglary and other crimes or search for missing persons. They may conduct background checks, surveillance, polygraph tests and investigations for divorce and child custody agreements. Growth Current Projected Projected Rate Jobs New Jobs Replacement Job Openings 42.9% 1,120 480 340 Factors Driving the Growth Jobs for private detectives and investigators should increase relative to increases in crime. As more private security firms assume routine police duties, such as crowd surveillance at airports and other public places, from local governments, this should also increase demand. Where Jobs are Currently Found Detective Agencies and Security Guard Firms (56%) General Merchandise Stores (27%) Wages and Salaries Median Annual Average: Information not available Education and Training Requirements Private Detectives and Investigators must be licensed. Applicants for licensure must be at least 25 years old, have good moral character and no felony convictions. At least three years in an investigative service position as a U.S. special agent or as a police officer is also sought. Career Paths Other investigative workers include guards, corrections officers, and police officers