A SAFE TRIP ABROAD FOREWARD Millions of U.S. citizens travel abroad each year and use their U.S. passport. When you travel abroad, the odds are in your favor that you will have a safe and incident-free trip. Even if you do come into difficulty abroad, the odds are still in your favor that you will not be a victim of crime or violence. But crime and violence, as well as unexpected difficulties, do befall U.S. citizens in all parts of the world. No one is better able to tell you this than U.S. consular officers who work in the more than 250 U.S. embassies and consulates around the world. Every day of the year U.S. embassies and consulates receive calls from American citizens in distress. Fortunately, most problems can be solved over the telephone or by a visit of the U.S. citizen to the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. But there are less fortunate occasions when U.S. consular officers are called on to meet U.S. citizens at foreign police stations, hospitals, prisons, and even at morgues. In these cases, the assistance that consular officers can offer is specific, but limited. In the hope of helping you avoid unhappy meetings when you go abroad, we have prepared the following travel tips. Please have a safe trip abroad. BEFORE YOU GO WHAT TO BRING Safety begins when you pack. To avoid being a target, dress conservatively. A flashy wardrobe or one that is too casual can mark you as a tourist. As much as possible, avoid the appearance of affluence. Always try to travel light. If you do, you can move more quickly and will be more likely to have a free hand. You will also be less tired and less likely to set your luggage down, leaving it unattended. Carry the minimum amount of valuables necessary for your trip and plan a place or places to conceal them. Your passport, cash and credit cards are safest when locked in a hotel safe. When you have to carry them on your person, you may wish to conceal them in several places rather than putting them in one wallet or pouch. Avoid hand bags, fanny packs and outside pockets which are easy targets for thieves. Inside pockets and a sturdy shoulder bag with the strap worn across your chest are somewhat safer. The safest place to carry valuables is probably a pouch or money belt that you wear under your clothing. If you wear glasses, pack an extra pair. Carry them and any medicines you need in your carry-on luggage. To avoid problems when passing through customs, keep medicines in their original, labeled containers. Bring a copy of your prescriptions and the generic names for the drugs. If a medication is unusual or contains narcotics, carry a letter from your doctor attesting to your need to take the drug. If you have any doubt about the legality of carrying a certain drug into a country, consult the embassy or consulate of that country first. Bring travelers checks and one or two major credit cards instead of cash. Pack an extra set of passport photos along with a photocopy of your passport information page to make replacement of your passport easier in case it is lost or stolen. Put your name, address and telephone numbers inside and outside of each piece of luggage. Use covered luggage tags to avoid casual observation of your identity or nationality. Last of all, lock your luggage. WHAT TO LEAVE BEHIND Don't bring anything you would hate to lose. Leave at home: - expensive or expensive-looking jewelry, - irreplaceable family objects, - all unnecessary credit cards. Leave a copy of your itinerary with family or friends at home in case they need to contact you in an emergency. A FEW THINGS TO BRING AND LEAVE BEHIND Make photocopies of your passport identification page, airline tickets, driver's license, and the credit cards that you bring with you. Make two copies. Leave one with family or friends at home; pack the other in a place separate from where you carry your valuables. Leave a copy of the serial numbers of your travelers checks at home. Carry your copy with you in a separate place and, as you cash the checks, cross them off the list. WHAT TO LEARN ABOUT BEFORE YOU GO Security. The Department of State's Consular Information Sheets are available for every country of the world. They describe unusual entry or currency regulations, unusual health conditions, the crime and security situation, political disturbances, areas of instability, and drug penalties. They also provide addresses and emergency telephone numbers for U.S. embassies and consulates. In general, the sheets do not give advice. Instead, they describe conditions so travelers can make informed decisions about their trips. In some dangerous situations, however, the Department of State recommends that Americans defer travel to a country. In such a case, a Travel Warning is issued for the country in addition to its Consular Information Sheet. Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings are available at the 13 regional passport agencies; at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad; or by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to: Overseas Citizens Services, Room 4811, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818. They are also available through airline computer reservation systems when you or your travel agent make your international air reservations. In addition, you can access Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings 24-hours a day from three different electronic systems. To listen to them, call (202) 647-5225 from a touchtone phone. To receive them by fax, dial (202) 647-3000 from a fax machine and follow the prompts that you will hear on the machine's telephone receiver. To view or download the documents through a computer and modem, dial the Consular Affairs Bulletin Board (CABB) on (202) 647-9225, setting your software to N-8-1. There is no charge to use these systems other than normal long distance charges. Local Laws and Customs. When you leave the United States, you are subject to the laws of the country where you are. Therefore, before you go, learn as much as you can about the local laws and customs of the places you plan to visit. Good resources are your library, your travel agent, and the embassies, consulates or tourist bureaus of the countries you will visit. In addition, keep track of what is being reported in the media about recent developments in those countries. THINGS TO ARRANGE BEFORE YOU GO Your Itinerary. As much as possible, plan to stay in larger hotels that have more elaborate security. The safest floor to book a room may be from the second to seventh floors -- above ground level to deter easy entrance from outside, but low enough for fire equipment to reach. Because take-off and landing are the most dangerous times of a flight, book non-stop flights when possible. When there is a choice of airport or airline, ask your travel agent about comparative safety records. There are differences. Legal Documents. Have your affairs at home in order. If you leave an up-to-date will, insurance documents, and a power of attorney with your family or a friend, you can feel secure about traveling and will be prepared for any emergency that may occur while you are away. If you have minor children, consider making guardianship arrangements for them. Credit. Make a note of the credit limit on each credit card that you bring. Make certain not to charge over that amount on your trip. In some countries, Americans have been arrested for innocently exceeding their credit limit. Ask your credit card company how to report the loss of your card from abroad. 800 numbers do not work from abroad, but your company will have a number that you can call. Insurance. Find out if your personal property insurance covers you for loss or theft abroad. Even more important, check if your health insurance will cover you abroad. Social Security Medicare does not provide payment for medical care outside the U.S. Even if your health insurance will reimburse you for medical care that you pay for abroad, normal health insurance does not pay for medical evacuation from a remote area or from a country where medical facilities are inadequate. Consider purchasing one of the short-term health and emergency assistance policies designed for travelers that includes medical evacuation in the event of an accident or serious illness. PRECAUTIONS TO TAKE WHILE TRAVELING SAFETY ON THE STREET Use the same common sense traveling overseas that you would at home. Be especially cautious in, or avoid areas where you are likely to be victimized. These include crowded subways, train stations, elevators, tourist sites, market places, festivals and marginal areas of cities. Don't use short cuts, narrow alleys or poorly-lit streets. Try not to travel alone at night. Avoid public demonstrations and other civil disturbances. Keep a low profile and avoid loud conversations or arguments. Do not discuss travel plans or other personal matters with strangers. To avoid scam artists, beware of strangers who approach you, offering bargains or to be your guide. Beware of pickpockets. They often have an accomplice who will: - jostle you, - ask you for directions or the time, - point to something spilled on your clothing, - or distract you by creating a disturbance. A child or even a woman carrying a baby can be a pickpocket. Beware of groups of vagrant children. Wear the shoulder strap of your bag across your chest and walk with the bag away from the curb to avoid drive-by purse snatchers. Try to seem purposeful when you move about. Even if you are lost, act as if you know where you are going. When possible, ask directions only from individuals in authority. Know how to use a pay telephone and have the proper change or token on hand. Learn a few phrases in the local language so you can signal your need for help, the police, or a doctor. Make note of emergency telephone numbers you may need: police, fire, your hotel, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. If confronted by superior force, don't fight attackers -- give up valuables. SAFETY IN YOUR HOTEL Keep your hotel door locked at all times. Meet visitors in the lobby. Do not leave money and other valuables in your hotel room while you are out. Use the hotel safe. Let someone know when you expect to return, especially if out late at night. If you are alone, do not get on an elevator if there is a suspicious-looking person inside. Read the fire safety instructions in your hotel room. Know how to report a fire. Be sure you know where the nearest fire exit and an alternate are. Count the doors between your room and the nearest exit -- this could be a life-saver if you have to crawl through a smoke-filled corridor. SAFETY ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT In countries where there is a pattern of tourists being targeted by criminals on public transport, this information is mentioned in Consular Information Sheets. Taxis. Only take taxis clearly identified with official markings. Beware of irregular cabs. Trains. Well organized, systematic robbery of passengers on trains along popular tourists routes is a serious problem. It is more common at night and especially on overnight trains. If you see your way blocked by someone and another person is pressing you from behind, move away. This can happen in the corridor of the train or on the platform or station. Do not accept food or drink from strangers. Criminals have been known to drug passengers by offering them food or drink. Criminals may also spray sleeping gas in train compartments. Where possible, lock your compartment. If it cannot be locked securely, take turns with your traveling companions sleeping in shifts. If that is not possible, stay awake. If you must sleep unprotected, tie down your luggage, strap your valuables to you and sleep on top of them as much as possible. Do not be afraid to alert authorities if you feel threatened in any way. Extra police are often assigned to ride trains on routes where crime is a serious problem. Buses. The same type of criminal activity found on trains can be found on public buses on popular tourist routes. For example, tourists have been drugged and robbed while sleeping on buses or in bus stations. In some countries whole bus loads of passengers have been held up and robbed by gangs of bandits. SAFETY WHEN YOU DRIVE When you rent a car, don't go for the exotic; choose a type commonly available locally. Where possible, ask that markings that identify it as a rental car be removed. Make certain it is in good repair. If available, choose a car with universal door locks and power windows, features that give the driver better control of access to the car. An air conditioner, when available, is also a safety feature, allowing you to drive with windows closed. Thieves can and do snatch purses through open windows of moving cars. Keep car doors locked at all times. Wear seat belts. As much as possible, avoid driving at night. Don't leave valuables in the car. If you must carry things with you, keep them out of sight in the trunk. Don't park your car on the street overnight. If the hotel or municipality does not have a parking garage or other secure area, select a well-lit area. Never pick up hitchhikers. Don't get out of the car if there are suspicious individuals nearby. Drive away. PATTERNS OF CRIME AGAINST MOTORISTS In many places frequented by tourists, including areas of southern Europe, victimization of motorists has been refined to an art. Where it is a problem, U.S. embassies are aware of it and consular officers try to work with local authorities to warn the public about the dangers. In some locations, these efforts at public awareness have paid off, reducing the frequency of incidents. Ask your rental car agency for advice on avoiding robbery. Where it is a problem, they are well aware of it and should tell you how best to protect yourself. Carjackers and thieves operate at gas stations, parking lots, in city traffic, and along the highway. Be suspicious of anyone who hails you or tries to get your attention when you are in or near your car. Criminals use ingenious ploys. They may masquerade as good samaritans, offering help for tires that they claim are flat or that they have made flat. Or they may flag down a motorist, ask for assistance, and then steal the rescuer's luggage or car. Usually they work in groups, one person carrying on the pretense while the others rob you. Other criminals get your attention with abuse, either trying to drive you off the road, or causing an "accident" by rear-ending you or creating a "fender bender." In some urban areas, thieves don't waste time on ploys, they simply smash car windows at traffic lights, grab your valuables or your car and get away. In cities around the world, "defensive driving" has come to mean more than avoiding auto accidents; it means keeping an eye out for potentially criminal pedestrians, cyclists, and scooter riders. HOW TO HANDLE MONEY SAFELY To avoid carrying large amounts of cash, change your travelers checks only as you need currency. Counter sign travelers checks only in front of the person who will cash them. Do not flash large amounts of money when paying a bill. Make sure your credit card is returned to you after each transaction. Deal only with authorized agents when you exchange money, buy airline tickets, or purchase souvenirs. Do not change money on the black market. If your possessions are lost or stolen, report the loss immediately to the local police. Keep a copy of the police report for insurance claims and as an explanation of your plight. After reporting lost items to the police, report the loss of: - travelers checks to the nearest agent of the issuing company. - credit cards to the issuing company. - airline tickets to the airline or travel agent. - passport to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. HOW TO AVOID LEGAL DIFFICULTIES When you are in a foreign country, you are subject to its laws and are under its protection -- not the protection of the U.S. Constitution. You can be arrested overseas for actions that may be either legal or considered minor infractions in the United States. Be aware of what is considered criminal in the country where you are. Consular Information Sheets include information on unusual patterns of arrests in various countries. Some of the offenses for which U.S. citizens have been arrested abroad are: Drug Violations. More than 1/3 of U.S. citizens incarcerated abroad are held on drug charges. Some countries do not distinguish between possession and trafficking; many have mandatory sentences -- even for a small amount of marijuana or cocaine. Although we know of no U.S. citizens who have been arrested abroad for prescription drugs purchased in the United States for personal use and carried in original labeled containers, a number of Americans have been arrested for possessing prescription drugs, particularly tranquilizers and amphetamines, that they purchased legally in certain Asian countries and took to some countries in the Middle East where they are illegal. Other U.S. citizens have been arrested for purchasing prescription drugs abroad in quantities that local authorities suspected were for commercial use. If in doubt about foreign drug laws, ask local authorities or the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Possession of Firearms. The places where U.S. citizens most often come into difficulties for illegal possession of firearms are nearby -- Mexico, Canada and the Caribbean. Sentences for possession of firearms in Mexico can be up to 30 years. In general, firearms, even those legally registered in the U.S., cannot be brought into a country unless a permit is first obtained from the embassy or a consulate of that country. (Note: If you take firearms or ammunition to another country, you cannot bring them back into the U.S. unless you register them with U.S. Customs before you leave the U.S.) Photography. In many countries you can be harassed or detained for photographing such things as police and military installations, government buildings, border areas, and transportation facilities. If in doubt, ask permission before taking photographs. Purchasing Antiques. Americans have been arrested for purchasing souvenirs that were, or looked like, antiques and which local customs authorities believed were national treasures. Some of the countries where this has happened were Turkey, Egypt, and Mexico. In countries where antiques are important, document your purchases as reproductions if that is the case, or if they are authentic, secure the necessary export permit (usually from the national museum). PROTECTION AGAINST TERRORISM Terrorist acts occur at random and unpredictably, making it impossible to protect oneself absolutely. The first and best protection is to avoid travel to unsafe areas where there has been a persistent record of terrorist attacks or kidnapping. The vast majority of foreign states have good records of maintaining public order and protecting residents and visitors within their borders from terrorism. Most terrorist attacks are the result of long and careful planning. Just as a car-thief will first be attracted to an unlocked car with the key in the ignition, terrorists are looking for defenseless, easily accessible targets who follow predictable patterns. The chances that a tourist, traveling with an unpublished program or itinerary, would be the victim of terrorism are slight -- no more than the random possibility of being in the wrong place at the wrong time. In addition, many terrorist groups, seeking publicity for political causes within their own country or region, are not looking for American targets. Nevertheless, the pointers below may help you avoid becoming a "target of opportunity." They should be considered as adjuncts to the tips listed in the previous sections on how to protect yourself against the far greater likelihood of being a victim of ordinary crime. These precautions may provide some degree of protection, and can serve as practical and psychological deterrents to would-be terrorists. - Schedule direct flights if possible and avoid stops in high-risk airports or areas. Consider other options for travel, such as trains. - Be aware of what you discuss with strangers, or what may be overheard by others. - Try to minimize the time spent in the public area of an airport, which is a less protected area. Move quickly from the check-in counter to the secured areas. On arrival, leave the airport as soon as possible. - As much as possible, avoid luggage tags, dress, and behavior which may identify you as an American. - Keep an eye out for suspicious abandoned packages or briefcases. Report them to airport security or other authorities and leave the area promptly. - Avoid obvious terrorist targets such as places where Americans and Westerners are known to congregate. TRAVEL TO HIGH-RISK AREAS If you must travel in an area where there has been a history of terrorist attacks or kidnapping, make it a habit to: - Discuss with your family what they would do in case of an emergency, in addition to making sure your affairs are in order before leaving home. - Register with the U.S. embassy or consulate upon arrival. - Remain friendly, but be cautious about discussing personal matters, your itinerary or program. - Leave no personal or business papers in your hotel room. - Watch for people following you or "loiterers" observing your comings and goings. - Keep a mental note of safehavens, such as police stations, hotels, hospitals. - Let someone else know what your travel plans are. Keep them informed if you change your plans. - Avoid predictable times and routes of travel, and report any suspicious activity to local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. - Select your own taxi cabs at random -- don't take a cab that is not clearly identified as a taxi. Compare the face of the driver with the one posted on his or her license. - If possible, travel with others. - Be sure of the identity of visitors before opening the door of your hotel room. Don't meet strangers at unknown or remote locations. - Refuse unexpected packages. - Formulate a plan of action for what you will do if a bomb explodes or there is gunfire nearby. - Check for loose wires or other suspicious activity around your car. - Be sure your vehicle is in good operating condition in case you need to resort to high-speed or evasive driving. - Drive with car windows closed in crowded streets; bombs can be thrown through open windows. - If you are ever in a situation where somebody starts shooting, drop to the floor or get down as low as possible. Don't move until you are sure the danger has passed. Do not attempt to help rescuers and do not pick up a weapon. If possible, shield yourself behind or under a solid object. If you must move, crawl on your stomach. HIJACKING/HOSTAGE SITUATIONS While every hostage situation is different and the chance of becoming a hostage is remote, some considerations are important. The U.S. government's policy not to negotiate with terrorists is firm - to do so would only increase the risk of further hostage-taking. When Americans are abducted overseas, we look to the host government to exercise its responsibility under international law to protect all persons within its territories and to bring about the safe release of hostages. We work closely with these governments from the outset of a hostage-taking incident to ensure that our citizens and other innocent victims are released as quickly and safely as possible. Normally, the most dangerous phases of a hijacking or hostage situation are the beginning and, if there is a rescue attempt, the end. At the outset, the terrorists typically are tense, high-strung and may behave irrationally. It is extremely important that you remain calm and alert and manage your own behavior. - Avoid resistance, sudden or threatening movements. Do not struggle or try to escape unless you are certain of being successful. - Make a concerted effort to relax. Breathe deeply and prepare yourself mentally, physically and emotionally for the possibility of a long ordeal. - Try to remain inconspicuous, avoid direct eye contact and the appearance of observing your captors' actions. - Avoid alcoholic beverages. Consume little food and drink. - Consciously put yourself in a mode of passive cooperation. Talk normally. Do not complain, avoid belligerency, and comply with all orders and instructions. - If questioned, keep your answers short. Don't volunteer information or make unnecessary overtures. - Don't try to be a hero, endangering yourself and others. - Maintain your sense of personal dignity, and gradually increase your requests for personal comforts. Make these requests in a reasonable low-key manner. - If you are involved in a lengthier, drawn-out situation, try to establish a rapport with your captors, avoiding political discussions or other confrontational subjects. - Establish a daily program of mental and physical activity. Don't be afraid to ask for anything you need or want -- medicines, books, pencils, papers. - Eat what they give you, even if it does not look or taste appetizing. A loss of appetite and weight is normal. - Think positively; avoid a sense of despair. Rely on your inner resources. Remember that you are a valuable commodity to your captors. It is important to them to keep you alive and well. ASSISTANCE ABROAD If you plan to stay more than two weeks in one place, if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or a natural disaster, or if you are planning travel to a remote area, it is advisable to register at the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. This will make it easier if someone at home needs to locate you urgently or in the unlikely event that you need to be evacuated in an emergency. It will also facilitate the issuance of a new passport should yours be lost or stolen. Another reason to contact the Consular Section is to obtain updated information on the security situation in a country. If you are ill or injured, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for a list of local physicians and medical facilities. If the illness is serious, consular officers can help you find medical assistance from this list and, at your request, will inform your family or friends. If necessary, a consul can assist in the transfer of funds from the United States. Payment of hospital and other medical expenses is your responsibility. If you become destitute overseas, consular officers can help you get in touch with your family, friends, bank, or employer and inform them how to wire funds to you. Should you find yourself in legal difficulty, contact a consular officer immediately. Consular officers cannot serve as attorneys, give legal advice, or get you out of jail. What they can do is provide a list of local attorneys who speak English and who may have had experience in representing U.S. citizens. If you are arrested, consular officials will visit you, advise you of your rights under local laws, and ensure that you are held under humane conditions and are treated fairly under local law. A consular officer will also contact your family or friends if you desire. When necessary, consuls can transfer money from home for you and will try to get relief for you, including food and clothing in countries where this is a problem. If you are detained, remember that under international agreements and practice, you have the right to talk to the U.S. consul. If you are denied this right, be persistent; try to have someone get in touch for you. Thank you for taking the time to become an informed traveler. We wish you a safe and wonderful journey. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION For general travel information, the following pamphlets may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; tel: 202-783-3238. The price of each publication is $1, except where noted. These are available on this BBS. Your Trip Abroad (price $1.25) Travel Tips for Older Americans Tips for Americans Residing Abroad Country specific information can be found in the following publications: (Also available on this BBS) Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean Tips for Travelers to Central and South America Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China Tips for Travelers to Mexico Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa (price $1.25) Tips for Travelers to South Asia Tips for Travelers to Russia and the Newly Independent States The following publications may be ordered from the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, CO 81009. The price is 50 cents each. (And available on CABB.) Foreign Entry Requirements Passports -- Applying for Them the Easy Wa