Reprinted from the Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1996-97 Edition U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics February 1996 Bulletin 2470-1 Making informed career decisions requires reliable informa- tion about opportunities that should be available in the future. This chapter presents highlights of Bureau of Labor Statistics projections of industry and occupational employment and the labor force, that can help guide your career plans. A slowdown in employment growth is expected. * Over the 1994-2005 period, employment is projected to increase by 17.7 million or 14 percent. This is slower than the 24-percent increase attained during the 11-year period, 1983-94, when the economy added 24.6 million jobs. * Wage and salary worker employment will account for 95 percent of this increase. In addition, the number of self- employed workers is expected to increase by 950,000, to 11.6 million in 2005, while the number of unpaid family workers will decline. Service-producing industries will account for most new jobs. (See chart 1.) * Employment growth is projected to be highly concentrated by industry. The services and retail trade industries will ac- count for 16.2 million out of a total projected growth of 16.8 million wage and salary jobs. * Business, health, and education services will account for 70 percent of the growth-9.2 million out of 13.6 million jobs-within services. * Health care services will account for almost one-fifth of all job growth from 1994-2005. Factors contributing to con- tinued growth in this industry include the aging popula- tion, which will continue to require more services, and the increased use of innovative medical technology for inten- sive diagnosis and treatment. Patients will increasingly be shifted out of hospitals and into outpatient facilities, nurs- ing homes, and home health care in an attempt to contain costs. * The personnel supply services industry, which provides temporary help to employers in other industries, is pro- jected to add 1.3 million jobs from 1994 to 2005. Tem- porary workers tend to have low wages, low job stability, and poor job benefits. The goods-producing sector will decline. (See chart 2.) * The goods-producing sector faces declining employment in two of its four industries-manufacturing and mining. Employment in the other two industries-construction, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing-is expected to increase. * Employment in manufacturing is expected to continue to decline, losing 1.3 million jobs over the 1994-2005 period. Operators, fabricators, and laborers, and precision pro- duction, craft, and repair occupations are expected to ac- count for more than 1 million of these lost jobs. Systems analysts and other computer-related occupations in manu- facturing are expected to increase. Job opportunities can arise in two ways-job growth and replacement needs. (See chart 3.) * Job growth can be measured by percent change and nu- merical change. The fastest growing occupations do not necessarily provide the largest number of jobs. Even though an occupation is expected to grow rapidly, it may provide fewer openings than a slower growing, larger oc- cupation. * Opportunities in large occupations are enhanced by the additional job openings resulting from the need to replace workers who leave the occupation. Some workers leave the occupation as they are promoted or change careers; others stop working to return to school, assume household re- sponsibilities, or retire. * Replacement needs are greater in occupations with low pay and status, low training requirements, and a high propor- tion of young and part-time workers. * Replacement needs will account for 29.4 million job openings from 1994 to 2005, far more than the 17.7 million openings projected to arise from employment growth. Employment change will vary widely by broad occu- pational group. (See chart 4.) * Employment in professional specialty occupations is pro- jected to increase at a faster rate than any other major oc- cupational group. * Among the major occupational groups, employment in pro- fessional specialty occupations is also projected to account for the most job growth from 1994-2005. * Professional specialty occupations-which require high educational attainment and offer high eamings-and serv- ice occupations-which require lower educational at- tainment and offer lower earnings-are expected to ac- count for more than half of all job growth between 1994 and 2005. * Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations is the only major occupational group projected to decline. All job openings in this group will stem from replacement needs. * Office automation is expected to have a significant effect on many individual administrative and clerical support oc- cupations. * Precision production, craft, and repair occupations and operators, fabricators, and laborers are projected to grow much more slowly than average due to continuing ad- vances in technology, changes in production methods, and the overall decline in manufacturing employment. Twenty occupations will account for half of all job growth over the 1994-2005 period. (See chart 5.) The 20 occupations accounting for half of all job growth over the 1994-2005 period tend to be large in size rather than fast growing. Three health care occupations are in the top 10, and 3 education-related occupations are in the sec- ond 10. The fastest growing occupations reflect growth in computer technology and Health services. (See chart 6.) Many of the fastest growing occupations are concentrated in health services, which is expected to increase more than twice as fast as the economy as a whole. Personal and home care aides, and home health aides, are expected to be in great demand to provide personal and physical care for an increasing number of elderly people and for persons who are recovering from surgery and other serious health conditions. This is occurring as hospitals and insurance companies mandate shorter stays for recovery to contain costs. 0 Employment of computer engineers and systems analysts is expected to grow rapidly to satisfy expanding needs for scientific research and applications of computer technology in business and industry. D eclining occupational employment stems from de- clining -industry employment and technological change. (See chaft 7.) * Farmers, machine operators, and private garment sewing household cleaners and servants are examples of occupa- tions that will lose employment because of declining in- dustry employment. * Many declining occupations are affected by structural changes, resulting from technological advances, organ- izational changes, and other factors that affect the em- ployment of workers. For example, the use of typists and word processors is expected to decline substantially be- cause of productivity improvements resulting from office automation, and the increased use of word processing equipment by professional and managerial employees. Education and training affect job opportunities. (see chart 8 and table 1.) * Workers in jobs with low education and training re- quirements tend to have greater occupational mobility. Consequently, these jobs will provide a larger than pro- portional share of all job openings ste@ng from re- placement needs. * Jobs requiring the most education and training will grow faster than jobs with lower education and training re- quirements. * Table I presents the fastest growing occupations and those having the largest numerical increase in employment over the 1994-2005 period, categorized by level of education and training. Jobs requiring the most education and training will be the fastest growing and highest paying. * Occupations which require a bachelor's degree or above will average 23 percent growth, almost double the 12- percent growth projected for occupations that require less education and training. * Occupations that pay above average wages are projected to grow faster than occupations with below average wages. Jobs with above average wages are expected to account for 60 percent of employment growth over the 1994-2005 pe- riod. Jobs with higher earnings often require higher levels of education and training. * Education is important in getting a high paying job. How- ever, many occupations-for example, registered nurses, blue-collar worker supervisors, electrical and electronic technicians/technologists, carpenters, and police and detec- tives-do not require a college degree, yet offer higher than average earnings. Groups in the labor force with lower than average educa- tion attainment in 1994, including Hispanics aid blacks, will continue to have difficulty obtaining a share of the high paying jobs that is consistent with their share of the labor force, unless their educational attainment rises. Al- though high paying jobs will be available without college training, most jobs that pay above average wages will re- quire a college degree. * Educational services are projected to increase by 2.2 mil- lion jobs and account for I out of every 8 jobs that will be added to the economy between 1994 and 2005. Most jobs will be for teachers, who are projected to account for about 20 percent of all jobs available for college graduates. * Projected employment growth of the occupations whose earnings rank in the top quartile in the Nation was highly concentrated. Eight of the 146 occupations will account for about half of the new jobs: Registered nurses, systems analysts, blue-collar worker supervisors, general managers and top executives, and four teaching occupations- elementary school teachers, secondary school teachers, college faculty, and special education teachers. Jobs requiring the least education and training will provide the most openings, but offer the lowesi pay. (See chart 9.) * The distribution of jobs by education and training, and earnings, will change little over the 1994-2005 period, with jobs requiring the least amount of education and training, and generally offering low pay, continuing to account for about 4 of every 1 0 jobs. * Jobs which require moderate-length and short-term training and experience (the two categories requiring the least amount of education and training) will provide over half of total job openings over the 1994-2005 period. The labor force will continue to grow faster than the population. * Spurred by the growing proportion of women who work, the labor force will grow slightly faster than the population over the 1994-2005 period. Women will continue to comprise an increasing share of the labor force. (See chart 10.) * Women, as a result of a faster rate of growth than men, are projected to represent a slightly greater portion of the labor force in 2005 than in 1994-increasing from 46 to 48 per- cent. * The number of men in the labor force is projected to grow, but at a slower rate than in the past, in part reflecting de- clining employment in good-paying production jobs in manufacturing, and a continued shift in demand for work- ers from the goods-producing sector to the service- producing sector. Men with less education and training may find it increasingly difficult to obtain jobs consistent with their experience. The labor force will become increasingly diverse. (See chart I 1.) * The number of Hispanics, and Asians and other races, will increase much faster than blacks and white non-Hispanics. Blacks will increase faster than white non-Hispanics. * Despite relatively slow growth, resulting in a declining share of the labor force, white non-Hispanics will still make up the vast majority of workers in 2005. Interested in more detail? * Readers interested in more information about projections and detail on the labor force, economic growth, industry and occupational employment, or methods and assump- tions should consult the November 1995 Monthly Labor Review; The Employment Outlook: 1994-2005, BLS Bulle- tin 2472; or the Fall 1995 Occupational Outlook Quarterly. Information on the limitations inherent in economic pro- jections also can be found in these publications. * For more information about employment change, job openings, earnings, unemployment rates, and training re- quirements by occupation, consult Occupational Pro- jections and Training Data, 1996 Edition, BLS Bulletin 2471. Table 1. Jobs growing the fastest and having the largest numerical increase in employment from 1994-2005, by level of education and training Fastest growing occupations Occupations having the largest numerical increase in employment Chiropractors Lawyers Physicians Clergy Podiatrists First-professional degree Lawyers Physicians Clergy Chiropractors Dentists Medical scientists Biological scientists College and university faculty Mathematicians and all other mathematical scientists Doctoral degree College and university faculty Biological scientists Medical scientists Mathematicians and all other mathematical scientists Operations research analysts Speech-language pathologists and audiologists Management analysts Counselors Urban and regional planners Master's degree Management analysts Counselors Speech-language pathologists and audiologists Psychologists Operations research analysts I Work experience plus bachelor's degree ers General mana and t Engineering, mathematics, and natural science managers Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers Artists and commercial artists Financial managers Education administrators us ac s eg General managers and top executives Financial managers Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers Engineering, mathematics, and natural science managers Education administrators Systems analysts Computer engineers Occupational therapists Physical therapists Special education teachers Bachelor's degree Systems analysts Teachers, secondary school Teachers, elementary school Teachers, special education Social workers Paralegals Medical records technicians Dental hygienists Respiratory therapists Radiologic technologists and technicians Associate degree Registered nurses Paralegals Radiologic technologists and technicians Dental hygienists Medical records technicians Manicurists Surgical technologists Data processing equipment repairers Dancers and choreographers Emergency medical technicians Postsecondary vocational training Secretaries, except legal and medical Licensed practical nurses Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists Legal secretaries Medical secretaries Nursery and greenhouse managers Lawn service managers Food service and lodging managers Clerical supervisors and managers Teachers and instructors, vocational and nonvocational training Work experience Marketing and sales worker supervisors Clerical supervisors and managers Food service and lodging managers Instructors, adult education Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training Long-term training and experience (more than 12 months of on-the-job training) s workers Maintenance re .rers, general utility Electronic pagination systems workers Coffection officers Securities and financial services sales workers Pattemmakers and layout workers, fabric and apparel Producers, directors, actors, and entertainers ore an mon s o Maintenance repairers, general utility Correction officers Automotive mechanics Cooks, restaurant Police patrol officers ers, irec ors, ac I Moderate-length training and experience (I to 12 months of combined on-the-job experience and informal training) tive thera assistants and aides Human services workers era - ng Physical and corrective therapy assistants and aides Occupational therapy assistants and aides Human services workers Medical assistants Detectives, except public o com ine Human services workers Medical assistants Instructors and coaches, sports and physical training Dental assistants Painters and paper hangers, construction and maintenance c ives, exce I Short-term training and experience (up to 1 month of on-the-job experience) Personal and home care aides Cashiers Home health aides Janitors and cleaners, including maids and housekeepers Amusement and recreation attendants Salespersons, retail Guards Waiters and waitresses Adjustment clerks Home health aides e Sources of Career Information This chapter identifies selected sources of information about occupations and career planning, counseling, training and education, and financial aid. Also, read the occupational statements in the Handbook, including the section on sources of additional information, which lists organizations you can contact for more information about particular occupations, training, and education. Career information Listed below are several good places to start collecting infor- mation you need on careers and job opportunities. Personal contacts. The people closest to you-your family and friends-are often overlooked, but can be extremely help- ful. They may be able to answer your questions directly or, more importantly, put you in touch with someone else who can. This "networking" can lead to an "informational inter- view," where you can meet with someone who is willing to answer your questions about a career or a company, and who can provide inside information on related fields and other helpful hints. This is a highly effective way to learn the rec- ommended type of training for certain positions, how some- one in that position entered and advanced, and what he or she likes and dislikes about the work. Public liraries, career centers, and guidance offices. These places maintain a great deal of career material. To begin your library search, look at the computer listings under "vocations" or "careers" and then under specific fields. Check the periodi- cals section, where you will find trade and professional magazines and journals about specific occupations and indus- tries. Familiarize yourself with the concerns and activities of potential employers by skimming their annual reports and other information they distribute to the public. You can also find occupational information on video cassettes, in kits, and through computerized information systems. Most public li- braries maintain a relatively up-to-date collection of occupa- tional or career materials. Don't forget the librarians; they can be a great source of information and can save you time by directing you to the information you need. Check career centers for programs such as individual coun- seling, group discussions, guest speakers, field trips, and ca- reer days. Also, leaf through any files of pamphlets that describe employment in different organizations. Always assess career guidance materials carefully. In- formation should be current. Beware of materials that seem to glamorize the occupation, overstate the earnings, or exag- gerate the demand for workers; some schools may produce such materials to attract students. Counselors. You may wish to seek help from a counselor. These professionals are trained to help you discover your strengths and weaknesses, guide you through an evaluation of your goals and values, and help you determine what you want in a career. The counselor will not tell you what to do, but will administer interest inventories and aptitude tests, interpret the results, and help you explore your options. Counselors also may be able to discuss local job markets, and the entry re- quirements and costs of the schools, colleges, or training pro- grams offering preparation for the kind of work that interests you. You can find counselors in: * high school guidance offices * college career planning and placement offices * placement offices in private vocational/technical schools and institutions * vocational rehabilitation agencies * counseling services offered by community organizations * private counseling agencies and private practices * State employment service offices affiliated with the U.S. Employment Service Before employing the services of a private counselor or agency, seek recommendations and check their credentials. The International Association of Counseling Services (IACS) accredits counseling services throughout the country. To re- ceive the listing of accredited services for your region, send a self-addressed, stamped, business-size envelope to: IACS, 101 South Whiting St., Suite 21 1, Alexandria, VA 22304. The Directory of Counseling Services, an IACS publication providing employment counseling and other assistance, may be available in your library or school career counseling center. A list of certified career counselors by State can be obtained from: or The National Board of Certified Counselors, 3 Ten-ace Way, Suite D, Greensboro, NC 27403-3660. Phone: (910) 547-0607. Internet networks and resources. The growth of on-line list- ings has made available a wide variety of resources at your fingertips-24 hours a day, 7 days a week-if you have ac- cess to the Internet. Companies, professional societies, aca- demic institutions, and government agencies maintain on-line resources or "homepages" which are updated regularly with the latest information on their organization and it's activities. Listings include information such as government docu- ments, schedules of events, job openings, and even network- ing contacts. Listings for academic institutions provide links to career counseling and placement services through career resource centers, as well as information on financing your education. Colleges and universities also offer on-line guides to campus facilities and admission requirements and proce- dures. The variety of career information databases available through the Internet provide much of the same information available through libraries, career centers, and guidance of- fices. However, no single network or resource will contain all desired information, so be prepared to search a lot of different places for what you need. As in a library search, look through various lists by field or discipline, or by using particular "keywords." It may even be helpful to consult a reference book such as The Internet Yellow Pages, which should be available in most libraries. Professional societies, trade associations, labor unions, business firms, and educational institutions. These organiza- tions provide a variety of free or inexpensive career material. Many of these are identified in the sources of additional in- formation section of each Handbook statement. For informa- tion on occupations not covered in the Handbook, consult directories in your library's reference section for the names of potential sources. You may need to start with The Guide to American Directories or The Directory of Directories. An- other useful resource is The Encyclopedia of Associations, an annual multivolume publication listing trade associations, professional societies, labor unions, and fraternal and patriotic organizations. The National Technical Information Service Center, a cen- tral source for all audiovisual material produced by the U.S. Government, rents and sells material on jobs and careers. For a catalog, contact: NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161. Phone: 1-800-788-6282. For first-hand experience in an occupation, you may wish to intern or take a summer or part-time job. Some internships offer academic credit or pay a stipend. Check with guidance offices, college career resource centers, or directly with em- ployers. Organizations for specific groups. The organizations listed below provide information on career planning, training, job opportunities, or public policy support for specific groups. Consult directories in your library's reference center or a ca- reer guidance office for information on additional or- ganizations and associations geared towards special groups. Disabled: President's Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities, 1331 F St. NW., 3rd Floor, Washington, DC 20004. Phone: (202) 376-6200. The blind: Information on the free national reference and re- ferral service provided by the Federation of the Blind can be obtained by contacting: Job Opportunities for the Blind (JOB), National Federation of the Blind, 1800 Johnson St., Baltimore, MD 21230. Phone: toll-free, 1-800-638-7518, or locally (410) 659-9314. Minorities: The National Urban League is a nonprofit com munity-based social service and civil rights organization that assists African-Americans in the achievement of social and economic equality. There are 113 local affiliates throughout the country that provide services related to employment and job training, and education and career development. Contact the affiliate nearest you for information. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 4805 Mount Hope Dr., Baltimore, MD 21215. Phone: (410) 358-8900. Older workers: National Association of Older Workers Employment Services, c/o National Council on the Aging, 409 3rd St. SW., Suite 200, Washington, DC 20024. Phone: (202) 479-1200. American Association of Retired Persons, Workforce Program Department, 601 E St. NW., Floor A5, Washington, DC 20049. Phone: (202) 434-2040. or Asociacion Nacional Por Personas Mayores (National Association for Hispanic Elderly), 2727 W. 6th St., Suite 20, Los Angeles, CA 90057. Phone: (231) 486-1922. (This organization specifically serves low-income, minority persons who are 55 years of age and older.) or National Caucus/Center on Black Aged,lnc., 1424 K St. NW., Suite 500, Washington, DC 20005. Phone: (202) 637-8400. Veterans: Contact the nearest regional office of the Depart- ment of Veterans Affairs or contact: Veterans' Employment and Training Service (VETS), 200 Constitution Ave. NW., Room S-1315, Washington, DC 20210. Phone: (202) 219-9116. Women: Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, 200 Constitution Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20210. Phone: (202) 219-6652. Catalyst, 250 Park Ave. South, 5th floor, New York, NY 10003. Phone: (212) 777-8900. Wider Opportunities for Women, 815 15th St. NW., Suite 916, Washing- ton, DC 20005. Phone: (202) 638-3143. Federal laws, executive orders, and selected Federal grant programs bar discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, and handicap. Infor- mation on how to file a charge of discrimination is avail able from U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission offices around the country. Their addresses and telephone numbers are listed in telephone directories under U.S. Gov- emment, EEOC, or are available from: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1801 L St. NW., Washing- ton, DC 20507. Phone: (202) 663-4900 Information on Federal laws concerning fair labor standards such as the minimum wage and equal employment op- portunity can be obtained from: Office of Public Affair s, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Room C-4325, 200 Constitution Ave. NW., Wash- ington, DC 20210. Phone: (202) 219-8743. Education and training information Colleges, schools, and training institutes readily reply to re- quests for information. When contacting these institutions, you may want to keep in mind the following items: * admission requirements * courses offered * certificates or degrees awarded * cost * available financial aid * location and size of school Check with professional and trade associations for lists of schools that offer career preparation in a field you're interested in. Guidance offices and libraries usually have copies of the kinds of directories listed below, as well as college catalogs that can provide more information on specific institutions. Helpful resources include the Directory of Private Career Schools and Colleges of Technology, put out by the Accredit- ing Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of Technol- ogy. Be sure to use the latest edition because these directories and catalogs are often revised annually. Information about home or correspondence study programs appears in the Directory of Accredited Institutions. Send re- quests for the Directory and a list of other publications to: Distance Education and Training Council, 1601 18th St. NW., Washington, DC 20009. Phone: (202) 234-5 1 00. Local labor unions, school guidance counselors, and State employment offices provide information about appren- ticeships. Send requests for copies of The National Appren- ticeship Program and Apprenticeship Information to: Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Ave. NW., Room N-4649, Washington, DC 20210. Phone: (202) 219-5921. Financial aid information Information about financial aid is available from a variety of sources. Contact your high school guidance counselor and college financial aid officer for information concerning schol- arships, fellowships, grants, loans, and work-study programs. In addition, every State administers financial aid programs; contact State Departments of Education for information. Banks and credit unions can provide information about stu- dent loans. You also may want to consult the directories and guides to sources of student financial aid available in guidance offices and public libraries. The Federal Government provides grants, loans, work-study programs, and other benefits to students. Information about programs administered by the U.S. Department of Education is presented in The Student Guide to Federal Financial Aid Programs, updated annually. To receive a copy, write to: Federal Student Aid Information Center, c/o Federal Student Aid Programs, P.O. Box 84, Washington, DC 20044-0084, or phone, toll-free, 1-800-433-3243. The National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993 allows individuals aged 17 and over to serve in approved local programs before, during, or after postsecondary education, to earn money for education. A participant must complete at least 1 year of full-time or 2 years of part-time service to qualify. Awards may be used for past, present, or future ex- penses, including 2- and 4-year colleges, training programs, and graduate or professional programs. Information about service appointments may be found in high schools, colleges, and other placement offices, or can be obtained by contacting the commission on national service in your State, or by calling 1-800-94-ACORPS. Meeting College Costs, an annual publication of the College Board, explains how student financial aid works and how to apply for it. The current edition is available to high school students through guidance counselors. Need a Lift?, an annual publication of the American Legion, contains career and scholarship information. Copies cost $3 each, prepaid (including postage), and can be obtained from: ow American Legion, Attn: Emblem Sales, P.O. Box 1050, Indianapolis, IN 46206. Phone: (317) 630-1200. Some student aid programs are designed to assist specific groups-Hispanics, blacks, native Americans, or women, for example. Higher Education Opportunities for Minorities and Women, published in 1991 by the U.S. Department of Edu- cation, is a guide to organizations offering assistance. This publication can be found in libraries,and guidance offices, or copies may be obtained from: Department of Education, 400 Maryland ,Ave. SW,, Washington, DC 20202. Phone: (202) 401-3550. The Armed Forces have several educational assistance pro- grams. These include the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), the New G.I. bill, and tuition assistance. Information can be obtained from military recruiting centers, located in most cities. State and local information The Handbook provides information for the Nation as a whole. For help in locating State or local area information, you may contact the following: State Occupational Information Coordinating Committee (SOICC). These committees may provide the information directly, or refer you to other sources. The addresses and tele- phone numbers of the directors of SOICC's are listed below. State employment security agencies. These agencies develop detailed information about local labor markets, such as current and projected employment by occupation and industry, char- acteristics of the work force, and changes in State and local area economic activity. Addresses and telephone numbers of the directors of research and analysis in these agencies are listed below. Most States have career information delivery systems (CIDS). Look for these systems in secondary schools, post- secondary institutions, libraries, job training sites, vocational rehabilitation centers, and employment service offices. Job- seekers can use the systems' computers, printed material, mi- crofiche, and toll-free hotlines to obtain information on oc- cupations, educational opportunities, student financial aid, apprenticeships, and military careers. Ask counselors and SOICC's for specific locations. A computerized State Training Inventory (STI) developed by the National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee (NOICC) is also maintained by the SOICC's and available in every State. Education and training data are or- ganized by occupation or training program title, type of insti- tution, and geographic area. The database is compiled at the State level and includes more than 215,000 education and training programs offered by over 17,000 schools, colleges, and hospitals. If you are interested in STI, contact individual SOICC's for State-specific data. Alabama Director, Labor Market Information, Alabama Department of Industrial Rela- tions, 649 Monroe St., Room 422, Montgomery, AL 36130. Phone: (205) 242- 8855. Director, Alabama Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, Room 424, 401 Adams Ave., P.O. Box 5690, Montgomery, AL 36103-5690. Phone: (334) 242-2990. Alaska Chief, Research and Analysis, Alaska Department of Labor, P.O. Box 25501, Juneau, AK 99802-5501. Phone: (907) 465-6022. Executive Director, Alaska Department of Labor, Research and Analysis, P.O. Box 25501, Juneau, AK 99802-5501. Phone: (907) 465-4518. American Samoa Statistical Analyst, Research and Statistics, Office of Manpower Resources, American Samoa Government, Pago Pago, AS 96799. Phone: (684) 633-5172. Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Department of Human Resources, American Samoa Government, Pago Pago, AS 96799. Phone: (684) 633-4485. Arizona Research Administrator, Department of Economic Security, P.O. Box 6123, Site Code 733A, Phoenix, AZ 85005. Phone: (602) 542-3871. Executive Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, P.O. Box 6123, Site Code 733A, 1789 West Jefferson St., First Floor, Phoenix, AZ 85005-6123. Phone: (602) 542-3871. Arkansas Chief, Arkansas Employment Security Department, P.O. Box 2981, Little Rock, AR 72203. Phone: (501) 682-3159. Executive Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Arkan- sas Employment Security Division, Employment and Training Services, P.O. Box 298 1, Little Rock, AR 72203-298 1. Phone: (501) 682-3159. California Chief, Labor Market Information Division, Employment Development De- partment, 700 Franklin Blvd., Suite 1100, Sacramento, CA 94280-0001. Phone: (916) 262-2160. Executive Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, II 16 9th St. Lower Level, P.O. Box 944222, Sacramento, CA 94244-2220. Phone: (916) 323-6544. Colorado Director, Colorado Department of Labor, Tower 2, Suite 400, 1515 Arapahoe St., Denver, CO 80202-2117. Phone: (303) 620-4977. Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, State Board Com munity College, 1391 Speer Blvd., Suite 600, Denver, CO 80204-25@. Phone: (303) 866-4488. Connecticut Director of Research, State Labor Department, 200 Folly Brook Blvd., Weth- ersfield, CT 06109. Phone: (203) 566-2120. Executive Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Con- necticut Department of Education, 25 Industrial Park Rd., Middletown, CT 06457-1543. Phone: (203) 638-4042. Delaware Chief, Delaware Department of Labor, University Plaza, Building D, P.O. Box 9029, Newark, DE 19714. Phone: (302) 368-6962. Executive Director, Office of Occupational and Labor Market Information, University Office Plaza, P.O. Box 9029, Newark, DE 19714-9029. Phone: (302) 368-6963. District of Columbia Chief, Labor Market Information, District of Columbia Department of Em- ployment Services, 500 C St. NW., Room 201, Washington, DC 20001. Phone: (202) 724-7214. Executive Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Depart- ment of Employment Services, 500 C St. NW., Room 215, Washington, DC 20001-2187. Phone: (202) 724-7237. Florida Chief, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, 2012 Capitol Circle SE., Room 200 Hartman Bldg., Tallahassee, FL 32399-0674. Phone: (904) 488-1048. Manager, Bureau of Labor Market Information/Department of Labor and Employment Security, 2012 Capitol Circle SE., Hartman Bldg., Suite 200, Tallahassee, FL 32399-0673. Phone: (904) 488-1048. Georgia Director, Labor Information Systems, Georgia Department of Labor, 223 Courtlnad St. NE., Atlanta, GA 30303-1751. Phone: (404) 656-3177. Executive Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Depart- ment of Labor, 148 International Blvd., Sussex Place, Atlanta, GA 30303- 175 1. Phone: (404) 656-9639. Guam Administrator, Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Government of Guam, P.O. Box 9970, Tamuning, GU 96911-9970. Executive Director, Human Resource Development Agency, Jay Ease Bldg., Third Floor, P.O. Box 2817, Agana, GU 96910-2817. Phone: (671) 646-9341. Hawaii Chief, Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, 830 Punchbowl St., Rm 304, Honolulu, HI 96813. Phone: (808) 586-8999. Executive Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, 830 Punchbowl St., Room 315, Honolulu, HI 96813-5080. Phone: (808) 586-8750. Idaho Chief, Research and Analysis, Idaho Department of Employment, 317 Main St., Boise, ID 83735. Phone: (208) 334-6169. Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Len B. Jordan Bldg., Room 301, 650 West State St., P.O. Box 83720, Boise, ID 83720-0095. Phone: (208) 334-3705. Illinois Director, Illinois Department of Employment Security, 401 South State St., Suite 215, Chicago, IL 60605. Phone: (312) 793-2316. Executive Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, 217 East Monroe, Suite 203, Springfield, IL 62706-1147. Phone: (217) 785-0789. Indiana Director, Labor Market Information, Department of Employment and Training Services, 10 North Senate Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46204. Phone: (317) 232- 7460. Executive Director, Department of Workforce Development State Occupa- tional Information Coordinating Committee, Indiana Government Center South, 10 North Senate Ave., Room SE 205, Indianapolis, IN 46204-2277. Phone: (317) 232-8528. Iowa Chief, Iowa Department of Employment Services, 1000 East Grand Ave., Des Moines, IA 50319. Phone: (515) 281-8181. Acting Executive Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Iowa Department of Economic Development, 200 East Grand Ave., Des Moines, IA 50309-1747. Phone: (515) 242-4889. Kansas Chief, Labor Market Information, Kansas Department of Human Resources, 401 Topeka Blvd., Topeka, KS 66603-3182. Phone: (913) 296-5058. Director, State Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 401 Topeka Ave., Topeka, KS 66603-3182. Phone: (913) 296-2387. Kentucky Director, Labor Market Research and Analysis, Department of Employment Services, 275 East Main St., Frankfort, KY 4062 1. Phone: (502) 564-7976. Information Liaison/Manager, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, 2031 Capital Plaza Tower, Frankfort, KY 40601. Phone: (502) 564- 4258. Louisiana Director, Research and Statistics Division, Department of Employment and Training, P.O. Box 94094, Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9094. Phone: (504) 342- 3141. Acting Director, Louisiana Occupational Information Coordinating Commit- tee, 1001 North 23rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70802. Phone: (504) 342-5149. Maine Director, Economic Analysis and Research, Maine Department of Labor, P.O. Box 309, Augusta, ME 04330-0309. Phone: (207) 287-2271. Acting Executive Director, Maine Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, State House Station 71, Augusta, ME 04333. Phone: (207) 624- 6200. Maryland Director, Office of Labor Market Analysis and Information, Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulations, II 00 North Eutaw St., Room 60 1, Balti- more, MD 21201. Phone: (410) 767-2250. Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, State Department of Employment and Training, I 100 North Eutaw St., Room 103, Baltimore, MD 21201-2298. Phone: (410) 767-295 1. Massachusetts Director of Research, Division of Employment Security, 19 Staniford St., 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02114. Phone: (617) 626-6556. Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Massachusetts Di- vision of Employment Security, Charles F. Hurley Bldg., 2nd Floor, Govern ment Center, Boston, MA 02114. Phone: (617) 727-5718. Michigan Director, Bureau of Research and Statistics, Michigan Employment Security Commission, 7310 Woodward Ave., Room 510, Detroit, MI 48202. Phone: (313) 876-5904. Executive Coordinator, Michigan Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, Victor Office Center, Third Floor, 201 North Washington Square, Box 30015, Lansing, MI 48909-7515. Phone: (517) 373-0363. Minnesota Director, Research and Statistical Services, Minnesota Department of Eco- nomic Security, 390 North Robert St., 5th Floor, St. Paul, MN 55101. Phone: (612) 296-6546. Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Department of Jobs and Training, 390 North Robert Street., St. Paul, MN 55101. Phone: (612) 296-2072. Mississippi Chief, Labor Market Information Department, Mississippi Employment Secu- rity Commission, P.O. Box 1699, Jackson, MS 39215-1699. Phone: (601) 961-7424. Director, Department of Economic and Community Development, Labor As- sistance Division/ State Occupational Information Coordinating Committee Office, 301 West Pearl St., Jackson, MS 39203-3089. Phone: (601) 949-2240. Missouri Chief, Research and Analysis,Division of Employment Security, 421 East Dunkin St., P.O. Box 59, Jefferson City, MO 65104-0059. Phone: (314) 751- 3591. Director, Missouri Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 400 Dix Rd., Jefferson City, MO 65109. Phone: (314) 751-3800. Montana Chief, Research and Analysis, Department of Labor and Industry, P.O. Box 1728, Helena, MT 59624. Phone: (406) 444-2430. Program Manager, Montana Occupational Information Coordinating Commit- tee, P.O. Box 1728, 1327 Lockey St., Second Floor, Helena, MT 59624-1728. Phone: (406) 444-2741. Nebraska Research Administrator, Labor Market Information, Nebraska Department of Labor, 550 South 16th St., P.O. Box 94600, Lincoln, NE 68509. Phone: (402) 471-2600. Administrator, Nebraska Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, P.O. Box 94600, 550 South 16th St., Lincoln, NE 68509-4600. Phone: (402) 471-9953. Nevada Chief, Research and Analysis/LMI, Nevada Employment Security Division, 500 East 3rd St., Carson City, NV 89713-0001. Phone: (702) 687-4550. Director, Nevada Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 500 East 3rd St., Carson City, NV 89713. Phone: (702) 687-4550. New Hampshire Director, Labor Market Information, New Hampshire Department of Em- ployment Security, 32 South Main St., Concord, NH 03301. Phone: (603) 228-4123. Director, New Hampshire State Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 64B Old Suncook Rd., Concord, NH 03301. Phone: (603) 228- 3349. New Jersey Director, Labor Market and Demographic Research, New Jersey Department of Labor, CN383, Trenton, NJ 08625. Phone: (609) 292-0089. Staff Director, New Jersey Occupational Information Coordinating Commit- tee, Room 609, Labor and Industry Bldg., CN056, Trenton, NJ 08625-0056. Phone: (609) 292-2682. New Mexico Chief, Economic Research and Analysis Bureau, New Mexico Department of Labor, P.O. Box 1928, Albuquerque, NM 87103. Phone: (505) 841-8645. Director, New Mexico Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 401 Broadway NE., Tiwa Bldg., P.O. Box 1928, Albuquerque, NM 87103- 1928. Phone: (505) 841-8455. New York Director, Division of Research and Statistics, New York State Department of Labor, State Office Building Campus, Bldg. 12, Room 402, Albany, NY 12240. Phone: (518) 457-6369. Executive Director, New York Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, Research and Statistics Division, State Campus, Bldg. 12, Room 400, Albany, NY 12240. Phone: (518) 457-6182. North Carolina Director, Labor Market Information, Employment Security Commission of North Carolina, P.O. Box 25903, Raleigh, NC 2761 1. Phone: (919) 733-2936. Executive Director, North Carolina Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 700 Wade Avenue, P.O. Box 25903, Raleigh, NC 2761 1. Phone: (919) 733-6700. North Dakota Director, Research and Statistics, Job Service of North Dakota, P.O. Box 5507, Bismarck, ND 58502-5507. Phone: (701) 328-2860. Coordinator, North Dakota State Occupational Information Coordinating Comniittee, 1720 Burnt Boat Dr., P.O. Box 1537, Bismarck, ND 58502-1537. Phone: (701) 328-2733. Northern Mariana Islands Executive Director, Northern Mariana Islands Occupational Information Co- ordinating Committee, P.O. Box 149, Saipan, CM 96950-0149. Phone: (670) 234-7394. Ohio Administrator, Labor Market Information Division, Ohio Bureau of Employ- ment Services, 78-80 Chestnut, Columbus, OH 43215. Phone: (614) 752- 9494. Director, Ohio Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, Ohio Bu- reau of Employment Services, P.O. Box 1618, Columbus, OH 43266-0018. Phone: (614) 466-1109. Oklahoma Security Commission, Director, Research Division, Oklahoma Employment 305 Will Rogers Memorial Office Bldg., Oklahoma City, OK 73105. Phone: (405) 557-7265. Executive Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Depart- ment of Voc/Tech Education, 1500 W. 7th Ave., Stillwater, OK 74074-4364. Phone: (405) 743-5198. Oregon Adminstrator for Research, Tax and Analysis, Employment Department, 875 Union St. NE., Salem, OR 9731 1. Phone: (503) 378-5490. Acting Director, Oregon Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 875 Union St. NE., Salem, OR 9731 1-0101. Phone: (503) 378-5490. Pennsylvania Director, Bureau of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and Indus- try, 300 Captiot Associates Building, 3rd Floor, Harrisburg, PA 17120-9969. Phone: (717) 787-3266. Director, Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, 1224 Labor and Industry Bldg., 7th and Foster, Harrisburg, PA 17120-0019. Phone: (717) 787- 8646. Puerto Rico Director, Research and Statistics Division, Department of Labor and Human Resources, 505 Munoz Rivera Ave., 20th Floor, Hato Rey, PR 00918. Phone: (809) 754-5385. Director, Puerto Rico Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, P.O. Box 366212, San Juan, PR 00936-6212. Phone: (809) 723-7110. Rhode Island Administrator, Labor Market Information, Rhode Island Department of Em- ployment and Training, 101 Friendship St., Providence, RI 02903. Phone: (401) 277-2731. Director, Rhode Island Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 22 Hayes St., Room 133, Providence, RI 02908-5092. Phone: (401) 272-0830. South Carolina Employment Security Director, Labor Market Information, South Carolina Commission, P.O. Box 995, Columbia, SC 29202. Phone: (803) 737-2660. Director, South Carolina Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 1550 Gadsden St., P.O. Box 995, Columbia, SC 29202-0995. Phone: (803) 737-2733. South Dakota Director, Labor Information Center, South Dakota Department of Labor, 400 S. Roosvelt, P.O. Box 4730, Aberdeen, SD 57402-4730. Phone: (605) 626- 2314. Director, Occupational Information Coordinating Council, South Dakota De- partment of Labor, 420 South Roosevelt St., P.O. Box 4730, Aberdeen, SD 57402-4730. Phone: (605) 626-2314. Tennessee Director, Research and Statistics Division, Tennessee Department of Em- ployment Security, 500 James Robertson Pkwy., 11th Floor-Volunteer Plaza, Nashville, TN 37245-1000. Phone: (615) 741-2284. Executive Director, Tennessee Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 500 James Robertson Pkwy., 11th Floor-Volunteer Plaza, Nash- ville, TN 37219-1215. Phone: (615) 741-6451. Texas Texas Employment Comniission, Director, Economic Research and Analysis, 15th & Congress Ave., Room 208T, Austin, TX 78778. Phone: (512) 463- 2616. Director, Texas Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, Texas Employment Commission Building, 3520 Executive Center Dr., Suite 205, Austin, TX 78731-0000. Phone: (512) 502-3750. Utah Director, LMI & Research, Utah Department of Employment Security, P.O. Box 45249, Salt Lake City, UT 84145-0249. Phone: (801) 536-7425. Executive Director, Utah Occupational information Coordinating Committee, P.O. Box 45249, 140 East 300 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84145-0249. Phone: (801) 536-7806. Vermont Director, Policy and Information, Vermont Department of Employment and Training, P.O. Box 488, Montpelier, VT 05602. Phone: (802) 828-4135. Director, Vermont Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 5 Green Mountain Dr., P.O. Box 489, Montpelier, VT 05601-0488. Phone: (802) 229-0311. Virginia Director, Economic Information and Services Division, Virginia Employment Commission, P.O. Box 1358, Richmond, VA 2321 1. Phone: (804) 786-7496. Executive Director, Virginia Occupational Information Coordinating Commit- tee, Virginia Employment Commission, 703 East Main St., P.O. Box 1358, Richmond, VA 23211-1358. Phone: (804) 786-7496. Virgin Islands Chief, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Virgin Islands Department of I-abor, 53A and 54B Kronprindsens Gade,Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00820. Phone: (809) 776-3700. Coordinator, Virgin Islands Occupational Information Coordinating Commit- tee, P.O. Box 3359, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00801. Phone: (809) 776- 3700. Washington Chief Labor and Economic Analysis, Washington Employment Security De- partment, P.O. Box 9046, Olympia, WA 98507-9046. Phone: (360) 438-4804. Acting Executive Director, Washington Occupational Information Coordinat- ing Committee, c/o Employment Security Department, P.O. Box 9046, Olympia, WA 98507-9046. Phone: (206) 438-4803. West Virginia Assistant Director, Labor and Economic Research, Bureau of Employment Programs, 112 California Ave., Charleston, WV 25305-0112. Phone: (304) 558-2660. Executive Director, West Virginia Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 5088 Washington St. West, Cross Lanes, WV 25313. Phone: (304) 759-0724. Wisconsin Director, Bureau of Labor Market Information, Department of Industry, La- bor, and Human Relations, P.O. Box 7944, Madison, WI 53707. Phone: (608) 266-5843. Administrative Director, Wisconsin Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Division of Jobs, Employment and Training Services, 201 East Washington Ave., P.O. Box 7972, Madison, WI 53707-7972. Phone: (608) 266-8012. Wyoming Manager, Research and Planning, Division of Administration, Department of Employment, P.O. Box 2760, Casper, WY 82602-2760. Phone: (307) 473- 3801. Executive Director, Wyoming Occupational Information Coordinating Council, Post Office Box 2760, 100 West Midwest, Casper, WY 82602-2760. Phone: (307) 265-6715. Finding a Job and Evaluating a Job Offer Information on Finding a Job It takes some people a great deal of time and effort to find a job they enjoy. Others may walk right into an ideal employ- ment situation. Don't be discouraged if you have to pursue many leads. Friends, neighbors, teachers, and counselors may know of available jobs in your field of interest. Read the want ads. Consult State employment service offices and private or nonprofit employment agencies, or contact employers directly. Where To Learn About Job Openings Parents, friends, and Neighbors School or college placement services Classified ads -Local and out-of-town newspapers -Professional journals -Trade magazines Employment agencies and career consultants State employment service offices Internet networks and resources Civil service announcements (Federal, State, local) Labor unions Professional associations (State and local chapters) Libraries and community centers Women's counseling and employment programs Youth programs Employers Job search methods Want ads. The "Help Wanted" ads in newspapers list hun- dreds of jobs. Realize, however, that many job openings are not listed. Also, be aware that the classified ads sometimes do not give some important information. Many offer little or no description of the job, working conditions, or pay. Some ads do not identify the employer. They may simply give a post office box for sending your resume. This makes follow-up inquiries very difficult. Furthermore, some ads offer out-of- town jobs; others advertise employment agencies rather than employment. Keep the following in mind if you are using want ads: * Do not rely solely on the classifieds to find a job; follow other leads as well. * Answer ads promptly, since openings may be filled quickly, even before the ad stops appearing in the paper. * Follow the ads diligently. Check them every day, as early as pos- sible, to give yourself an advantage. * Beware of "no experience necessary" ads. These ads often signal low wages, poor working conditions, or straight commission work. * Keep a record of all ads to which you have responded, including the specific skills, educational background, and personal qualifi- cations required for the position. Internet networks and resources. A variety of information on jobs and job search resources and techniques is currently available on-line through the Internet. Once you have access, on-line resources are available 7 days a week, 24 hours a day. Internet resources include Usenet newsgroups, Telnet sites, and World Wide Web resources, just to name a few. In addition to the listings of companies, professional so- cieties, academic institutions, and government agencies, it is possible to search employment ad and career information da- tabases directly. Available information includes government reports, salary surveys, job listings, and even "networking" contacts within organizations. You can find out about com- panies or academic institutions directly, as well as the cities in which they are located. When searching employment ad databases, it is sometimes possible to post your resume on-line or send it to an employer via electronic mail. Some sources provide this service free of charge once you have access to the Internet. However, be careful that you are not going to incur any additional charges for postings or updates. No single network or resource will contain all information on employment or career opportunities, so be prepared to search for what you need. Job listings may be posted by field or discipline so it is best to begin your search using topics or "keywords." It may be helpful to consult a reference book such as The Internet Yellow Pages, which should be available in most libraries. Public employment service. The State employment service, sometimes called the Job Service, operates in coordination with the U.S. Employment Service of the U.S. Department of Labor. About 1,700 local offices, also known as employment service centers, help jobseekers find jobs and help employers find qualified workers at no cost to themselves. To find the office nearest you, look in the State government telephone listings under "Job Service" or "Employment." A computerized job network system-America's Job Bank-run by the U.S. Department of Labor, lists approxi- mately 100,000 job openings each week. A wide range of jobs are listed all over the country, and most are full-time jobs in the private sector. Jobseekers can access these listings through the use of a personal computer in any local public employ- ment service office, as well as in several hundred military installations. In addition, some State employment agencies have set up America's Job Bank in other settings, including libraries, schools, shopping malls, and correctional facilities. America's Job Bank is also available on-line through the In- ternet and can be accessed at the following World Wide Web address: http://www.ajb.dni.us Tips for Finding the Right Job, a U.S. Department of Labor pamphlet, offers advice on determining your job skills, organizing your job search, writing a resume, and making the most of an interview. Job Search Guide: Strategies For Profes sionals, another U.S. Department of Labor publication, also discusses specific steps that jobseekers can follow to identify employment opportunities. This publication includes sections on handling your job loss, managing your personal resources, assessing your skills and interests, researching the job market, conducting the job search and networking, writing resumes and cover letters, employment interviewing and testing, and sources of additional information. Check with your State em ployment service office, or order a copy of these publications from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Phone: (202) 512- 1800 for price and ordering information. Job matching and referral. At a State employment service office, an interviewer will determine if you are "job ready" or if counseling and testing services would be helpful before you begin your job search. After you are "job ready," you may examine available job listings and select openings that interest you. A staff member can then describe the job openings in detail and arrange for interviews with prospective employers. Career counseling and testing centers can test for occupational aptitudes and interests and then help you choose and prepare for a career. Services for special groups. By law, veterans are entitled to priority at State employment service centers. Veterans' em ployment representatives can inform you of available assis tance and help you deal with any problems. Summer Youth Programs provide summer jobs in city, county, and State government agencies for low-income youth Students, school dropouts, or graduates entering the labor market who are between 16 and 21 years of age are eligibible. In addition, the Job Corps, with more than 100 centers throughout the United States, helps young people learn skills or obtain education. Service centers also refer applicants to opportunities avail able under the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) of 1982. JTPA prepares economically disadvantaged persons and those facing barriers to employment for jobs. Federal job information. For information about employment with the U.S. Government, call the Federal Job Information Center's Career America Connection, operated by the Office of Personnel Management. The phone number is (202) 606- 2700, or write to: -Federal Job Information Center, 1900 E St. NW., Room 1416,Washington, DC 20415. Private employment agencies. These agencies can be very helpful, but don't forget that they are in business to make money. Most agencies operate on a commission basis, with the fee dependent upon a successful match. You or the hiring company will have to pay a fee for the matching service. Find out the exact cost and who is responsible for paying it before using the service. While employment agencies can help you save time and contact employers who otherwise may be difficult to locate, in some cases, your costs may outweigh the benefits. Consider any guarantee they offer when figuring the cost. It is also possible to obtain this information directly on-line by accessing the Fedworld information network on the Internet. This is a central access point for locating and acquiring infor- mation about U.S. Government employment. Access Fed- world at the following World Wide Web address: http://www.fedworld. gov College career planning and placement offices. College placement offices facilitate matching job openings with suit able jobseekers. You can set up schedules and use available facilities for interviews with recruiters or scan lists of part- time, temporary, and summer jobs maintained in many of these offices. You also can get counseling, testing, and job search advice and take advantage of their career resource li brary. Here you also will be able to identify and evaluate your interests, work values, and skills; attend workshops on such topics as job search strategy, resume writing, letter writing, and effective interviewing; critique drafts of resumes and videotapes of mock interviews; explore files of resumes and references; and attend job fairs conducted by the office. Community agencies. Many nonprofit organizations offer counseling, career development, and job placement services, generally targeted to a particular group, such as women, youth, minorities, ex-offenders, or older workers. Many communities have career counseling, training, place ment, and support services for employment. These programs are sponsored by a variety of organizations, including churches and synagogues, nonprofit organizations, social service agencies, the State employment service, and voca tional rehabilitation agencies. Many cities have commissions that provide services for these special groups. Employers. It is possible to apply directly to employers with out a referral. You may locate a potential employer in the Yellow Pages, in directories of local chambers of commerce, and in other directories that provide information about em ployers. When you find an employer you are interested in, you can send a cover letter and resume or file a job application even if you don't know for certain that an opening exists. Applying for a Job Resumes and application forms. Resumes and application forms are two ways to provide employers with written evi- dence of your skills and knowledge. Most information is common to both the resume and application form, but the way the information is presented differs. Some employers prefer a resume while others require an application form. There are many ways of organizing a resume. Depending upon the job you are applying for, you should choose the for- mat that best highlights your skills, training, and experience, It may be helpful to look at different examples. Examples can be found in a variety of books and publications What Goes Into a Resume A resume summarizes your qualifications and employment his- tory. It usually is required when applying for managerial, admin- istrative, professional, or technical positions. Although there is no set format, a resume should contain the following informa- tion: * Name, address, and telephone number. * Employment objective. State the type of work or specific job you are seeking. * Education, including school name and address, dates of atten- dance, curriculum, and highest grade completed or degree awarded. * Experience, paid or volunteer. Include the following for each job: Job title, name and address of employer, and dates of employment. Describe your job duties. * Special skills, knowledge of machinery, proficiency in foreign languages, honors received, awards, or membership in organi- zations. * Note on your resume that "references are available upon re- quest." available through public libraries or career guidance centers. Also, ask someone to read your resume and suggest ways to improve it. In completing an application form, make sure you fill it out properly and follow all instructions. In general, the same type of information is included on an application form as in a re- sume. Don't omit any information asked for and be sure to check that all information provided is correct. Cover letters. A cover letter should be sent with a resume or application form, as a way to introduce yourself to employers. It should capture the employer's attention, follow a business letter format, and should generally include the following in- formation: * The name and address of the specific person to whom the letter is addressed * The reason for your interest in the company or position * Your main qualifications for the position (in brief) * A request for an interview * Your phone number Interviewing. An interview gives you the best opportunity to show an employer your qualifications, so it pays to be well prepared. Each interview is different, however. The box below provides some helpful information. Evaluating a Job Offer Once you receive a job offer, you are faced with a difficult decision and must evaluate each offer carefully. Fortunately, most organizations will not expect you to accept or reject an offer on the spot. You probably will be given at least a week to make up your mind. There are many issues to consider when assessing a job offer. Will the organization be a good place to work? Will the job be interesting? How are opportunities for advance- Job Interview Tips Preparation: Learn about the organization. Have a specific job or jobs in mind. Review your qualifications for the job. Prepare answers to broad questions about yourself. Review your resume. Practice an interview with a friend or relative. Arrive before the scheduled time of your interview. Personal Appearance: Be well groomed. Dress appropriately. Do not chew gum or smoke. The Interview: Answer each question concisely. Respond promptly. Use good manners. Learn the name of your interviewer and shake hands as you meet. Use proper English and avoid slang. Be cooperative and enthusiastic. Ask questions about the position and the organization. Thank the interviewer, and follow up with a letter. Test (if employer gives one): Listen closely to instructions. Read each question carefully. Write legibly and clearly. Budget your time wisely and don't dwell on one question. Information To Bring to an Interview: Social Security number. Driver's license number. Resume. Although not all employers require applicants to bring a resume, you should be able to furnish the interviewer with information about your education, training, and previous employment. References. An employer usually requires three references. Get permission from people before using their names, and make sure they will give you a good reference. Try to avoid using relatives. For each reference, provide the following information: Name, address, telephone number, and job title. ment? Is the salary fair? Does the employer offer good bene- fits? If you have not already figured out exactly what you want, the following discussion may help you develop a set of criteria for judging job offers, whether you are starting a ca- reer, reentering the labor force after a long absence, or plan- ning a career change. The organization. Background information on an organi- zation can help you decide whether it is a good place for you to work. Factors to consider include the organization's busi- ness or activity, financial condition, age, size, and location. Information on growth prospects for the industry or industries that the company represents also is important. Here are some questions to ask. Is the organization's business or activity in keeping with your own interests and beliefs? It will be easier to apply yourself to the work if you are en- thusiastic about what the organization does. How will the size of the organization affect you? Large firms generally offer a greater variety of training pro- grams and career paths, more, managerial levels for ad- vancement, and better employee benefits than small firms. Large employers may also have more advanced technologies in their laboratories, offices, and factories. However, jobs in large firms may tend to be highly specialized. Jobs in small firms may offer broader authority and re- sponsibility, a closer working relationship with top manage- ment, and a chance to clearly see your contribution to the suc- cess of the organization. Should you work for a fledgling organization or one that is well established? New businesses have a high failure rate, but for many people, the excitement of helping create a company and the potential for sharing in its success more than offset the risk of job loss. It may also be as exciting and rewarding, however, to work for a young firm which already has a foothold on success. Does it make any difference to you whether the company is private or public? A privately owned company may be controlled by an indi- vidual or a family, which can mean that key jobs are reserved for relatives and friends. A publicly owned company is con- trolled by a board of directors responsible to the stockholders. Key jobs are open to anyone with talent. Is the organization in an industry with favorable long- term prospects? The most successful firms tend to be in industries that are growing rapidly. Where is the job located? If it is in another city, you need to consider the cost of living, the availability of housing and transportation, and the quality of educational and recreational facilities in the new location. Even if the place of work is in your area, consider the time and expense of commuting in your decision. It is easy to get background information on an organization simply by telephoning its public relations office. A public company's annual report to the stockholders tells about its corporate philosophy, history, products or services, goals, and financial status. Most government agencies can furnish reports that describe their programs and missions. Press releases, company newsletters or magazines, and recruitment brochures also can be useful. Ask the organization for any other items that might interest a prospective employee. Background information on the organization also may be available at your public or school library. If you cannot get an annual report, check the library for reference directories that provide basic facts about the company, such as earnings, products and services, and number of employees. Some di- rectories widely available in libraries include the following: * Dun & Bradstreet's Million Dollar Directory * Standard and Poor's Register of Corporations * Directors and Executives * Moody's Industrial Manual * Thomas'Register ofamerican Manufacturers * Ward's Business Directory Stories about an organization in magazines and newspa- pers can tell a great deal about its successes, failures, and plans for the future. You can identify articles on a company by looking under its name in periodical or computerized in- dexes such as the following-however, it probably will not be useful to look back more than 2 or 3 years. * Business Periodicals Index * Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature * Newspaper Index * Wall Street Journal Index * New York Times Index The library also may have government publications that present projections of growth for the industry in which the organization is classified. Long-term projections of em- ployment and output for more than 200 industries, covering the entire economy, are developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and revised every other year-see the November 1995 Monthly Labor Review for the most recent projections. The U.S. Global Trade Outlook, published annually by the U.S. Department of Commerce, is the successor to the U.S. Industrial Outlook and presents detailed analyses of the globalization of U.S. industry and growth prospects for six industrial sectors. Trade magazines also have frequent articles on the trends for specific industries. Career centers at colleges and universities often have in- formation on employers that is not available in libraries. Ask the career center librarian how to find out about a particular organization. The career center may have an entire file of in- formation on the company. The nature of the work. Even if everything else about the job is good, you will be unhappy if you dislike the day-to-day work. Determining in advance whether you will like the work may be difficult. However, the more you find out about it be- fore accepting or rejecting the job offer, the more likely you are to make the right choice. You may want to ask yourself the following questions: Does the work match your interests and make good use of your skills? The duties and responsibilities of the job should he explained in enough detail to answer this question. How important is the job in this company? An explanation of where you fit in the organization and how you are supposed to contribute to its overall objectives should give you an idea of the job's importance. Are you comfortable with the supervisor? Do the other employees seem friendly and cooperative? Does the work require travel? Does the job call for irregular hours? Some jobs involve regular hours-for example, 40 hours a week, during the day, Monday through Friday. Other jobs involve variable hours, including night, weekend, or holiday work. In addition, some jobs routinely require overtime to meet deadlines or sales or production goals, or to better serve customers. Consider the effect of work hours on your personal life. How long do most people who enter this job stay with the company? High turnover can mean dissatisfaction with the nature of the work or something else about the job. The opportunities. A good job offers you opportunities to learn new skills, increase your earnings, and rise to positions of greater authority, responsibility, and prestige. A lack of opportunities can dampen interest in the work and result in frustration and boredom. The company should have a training plan for you. What valuable new skills does the company plan to teach you? The employer should -give you some idea of promotion possibilities within the organization. What is the next step on the career ladder? If you have to wait for a job to become va- cant before you can be promoted, how long does this usually take? Employers differ on their policies regarding promotion from within the organization. When opportunities for ad- vancement do arise, will you compete with applicants from outside the company? Can you apply for jobs for which you qualify elsewhere within the organization or is mobility within the firm limited? The salary and benefits. Wait for the employer to introduce these subjects. Most companies will not talk about pay until they have decided to hire you. In order to know if their offer is reasonable, you need a rough estimate of what the job should pay. You may have to go to several sources for this informa- tion. Talk to friends who recently were hired in similar jobs. Ask your teachers and the staff in the college placement office about starting pay for graduates with your qualifications. Scan the help-wanted ads in newspapers. If you are considering the salary and benefits for a job in another geographic area, make allowances for differences in the cost of living, which may be significantly higher in a large metropolitan area than in a smaller city, town, or rural area. You also should learn the organization's policy regarding overtime. Depending on the job, you may or may not be ex- empt from laws requiring the employer to compensate you for overtime. Find out how many hours you will be expected to work each week and whether you receive overtime pay or compensatory time off for working more than the specified number of hours in a week. Also take into account that the starting salary is just that, the start. Your salary should be reviewed on a regular basis- many organizations do it every 12 months. How much can you expect to earn after 1, 2, or 3 or more years? An employer cannot be specific about the amount of pay if it includes commissions and bonuses. Benefits can also add a lot to your base pay, but they vary widely. Find out exactly what the benefit package includes and how much of the costs you must bear. Check the library or your school's career center for salary surveys such as the College Placement Council Salary Survey or salary information compiled by professional associations. Detailed data on wages and benefits are also available from: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Compensation and Working Condi- tions, Division of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels, 2 Mas- sachusetts Ave. NE., Room 4160, Washington, DC 20212-0001. Phone: (202) 606-6225. Data on weekly earnings, based on the Current Population Survey, are available from: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, 2 Massachusetts Ave. NE., Room 4945, Washington, DC 20212- 0001. Phone: (202) 606-6400